Comrades, Sisters, Servants: Gender, race, and subjectivity in Algerian communist female sociabilities, 1944 - 1968

通过阿尔及利亚女共产主义者的生活故事，我的博士项目探讨了跨种族划分的社会性和团结的跨国可能性和限制在整个阿尔及利亚非殖民化的漫长岁月。在独立前的几十年里，阿尔及利亚共产党（PCA）的欧洲成员相对于更广泛的定居者人口，致力于反殖民斗争。该党虽然与法国殖民统治密不可分，但却促进了激进的跨社区政治。其欧洲成员尽管在结构上享有特权，却努力摆脱他们所生活的社会的约束。然而，1962年后，他们发现自己越来越被排除在新的阿尔及利亚国家之外，其民族认同是建立在阿拉伯语和伊斯兰教的社区认同之上的。我的项目认为，在何种程度上阿尔及利亚共产主义，其社会环境，其想象的未来-一个独立的，多元化的，多信仰的阿尔及利亚-超越了殖民和后殖民局势的种族化的限制，以及，至关重要的是，性别和阶级如何发挥作用，扩大和收缩这种景观的可能性。最近，我一直特别感兴趣的是女性和家庭跨国网络如何塑造这种社会政治格局，以及监狱和其他监狱系统如何作为跨社区政治化和社交的生产和禁止场所。在研究PCA作为一个网站的激进的跨社区的社会性，我超越了既定的历史奖学金，已经了解了这样的空间，如蒙德杜接触或“接触世界”之间的种族化社区，这是采取代表的可能性改革殖民地独立的替代。相反，我的工作与历史学家保持着一致，他们通过超越政治改革，关注统治和系统性不平等的西班牙经验，认识到这种改革的机会稍纵即逝，如果不是完全虚幻的话。因此，我接近PCA环境作为一个例子的“世界接触”（麦克杜格尔）：在殖民地社会的一个激进的光圈，采取了自己的条件，没有目的论的收费，这使我们的理解复杂的社会和政治的可能性在一个种族化的殖民等级。在以前的奖学金主要集中在如何在公共领域的可能性是有争议的，我的工作集中在主观性和亲密关系的共产主义妇女在家庭领域作为一个未被充分审查的跨种族社会空间和殖民统治的最“亲密”的网站。在这样做的时候，我也强调了妇女的政治参与通常被低估在更传统的政治治疗阿尔及利亚共产主义。此外，通过将焦点从党的会议转移到日常互动的家庭空间，我提供了一个新的分析框架，通过微观层面的主体性的妇女谁参加了阿尔及利亚共产主义环境。这样做，我的灵感来自文化历史学家，如托比·迪茨（Toby Ditz），对他们来说，主体性和揭示主体性的自我文件深深地嵌入了“社会关系的矩阵”中。通过从参与阿尔及利亚共产主义政治的妇女那里收集的生活作品的语料库-他们占据了不同地位的职位，具有不同的种族身份，并在独立后遵循不同的轨迹-我的目标是理解这种关系矩阵的定性特征，他们所唤起的情感，以及它们在阿尔及利亚共产主义社会和更广泛的政治生活中所代表的矛盾。档案的碎片性和边缘性是主要考虑因素，我的工作在关注生活写作和家庭档案的过程中，我为正在进行的超越官方的（后）殖民历史写作做出了贡献。

Through the life stories of Algerian women communists, my DPhil project explores the transnational possibilities and limits of sociability and solidarity across a racialised divide throughout the longue durée of Algerian decolonisation. In the decades leading up to independence, European members of the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) were uniquely committed to the anti-colonial struggle relative to the wider settler population. The party, while inextricably rooted in French colonial rule, facilitated radical cross-community politics. Its European members, structurally privileged as they were, worked to escape the constraints of the society in which they lived. After 1962, however, they found themselves increasingly excluded from the new Algerian nation, whose national identity was founded on community identification in Arabic and Islam. My project considers the extent to which Algerian communism, its social milieu, and its imagined future - of an independent, pluralistic, and multi-confessional Algeria - transcended the racialised confines of the colonial and post-colonial situation and, crucially, how both gender and class functioned to expand and contract this landscape of possibility. Most recently, I have been especially interested in how female and familial transnational networks shaped this socio-political landscape and how the prison and other carceral systems functioned as both productive and prohibitive sites of cross-community politicisation and sociability. In examining the PCA as a site of radical cross-community sociability, I move beyond established historical scholarship that has understood such spaces as mondes du contact or 'contact worlds' between racialised communities, which are taken to represent the possibility of a reformed colonial alternative to independence. My work is instead aligned with historians who, by looking beyond political reform to the quotidian experiences of domination and systemic inequality, recognise that opportunities for such reform were fleeting, if not altogether illusory. I thus approach the PCA milieu as an example of 'worlds in contact' (McDougall): a radical aperture in colonial society, taken on its own terms and devoid of teleological charge, that complicates our understanding of social and political possibilities within a racialised colonial hierarchy. Where previous scholarship has primarily focused on how such possibilities were contested in the public sphere, my work focuses on subjectivities and intimate relationships between communist women in the domestic sphere as both an under-examined space of cross-ethnic sociability and the most 'intimate' site of colonial domination (Stoler). In so doing, I also highlight the women whose political engagement has typically been underplayed in more conventionally political treatments of Algerian communism.Moreover, by shifting focus from party meetings to domestic spaces of daily interaction, I offer a new analytical frame for understanding the Algerian communist milieu through the micro-level subjectivities of the women who participated in it. In so doing, I draw inspiration from cultural historians, such as Toby Ditz, for whom subjectivities and the ego-documents that reveal them are deeply embedded in the 'matrix of social relationships' from which they emerge. Through a corpus of life-writings gathered from women involved in Algerian communist politics - who occupied positions of varying status, were of differing racialised identities, and followed different trajectories after independence - I aim to comprehend the qualitative character such relations matrices, the emotions they invoked, and the contradictions they represented in Algerian communist sociabilities and political life more broadly.Archival fragmentariness and marginality are primary considerations in my work. In focusing on life-writings and family archives, I contribute to ongoing efforts to write (post)colonial histories beyond the official