Heritable and Social-Environment Risks for Substance Use

预防项目中的效果调节和调解 虽然基于社会影响的基于学校和社区的烟草和药物滥用预防计划产生了最大的预防有效性的累积证据，但它们的效果是不一致的。这种不一致的一个可能原因是效果缓和，以至于一些年轻人的内在或外在因素使他们难以接受干预。在南加州大学TTURC的头4年里，我们进行了2次纵向试验测试 在南加州和中国中部的不同文化背景下的社会影响预防计划。我们在这两个国家都发现了倾向属性调节效应的证据，即敌意或抑郁得分高的年轻人在计划后1年和2年内吸烟减少，但得分低的年轻人没有。在加利福尼亚州，我们也发现了社会背景的调节效应，其中一个节目包含集体主义内容 (为他人的利益而行动)有效地减少同质西语裔学校的吸烟，但不是在多元文化学校，以及一个以个人主义方式(照顾自己)的项目，在多元文化学校vjorking，但不是同质西语裔学校。我们提出了一个模型，在这个模型中，性格表型与社会背景(程序)相互作用，改变对预防规划的反应，并通过涉及认知、情感和动机唤醒的中介途径来实现这一点。同样，我们提出了环境与环境的相互作用，使得环境的特征使人或多或少地接受预防计划。人群中的社会文化和性格差异可能是预防方案效果不一致的许多原因。我们提出了三个研究：1)通过性格属性进行效果中介的量化分析和通过文化语境进行效果中介的量化分析 在之前在不同文化、区域和国际环境中进行的4项试验中，2)严格制定更好的表型和社会文化措施，以更好地评估缓和和调解的效果。3)一项试验性试验，旨在复制性格缓和效应，并通过高强度干预，通过接触其他顽固的年轻人来抵消这种效应。项目3将对之前的一项试验进行按基因型评估的程序，以便与本项目中按表型分析的程序进行比较。

Effect Moderation and Mediation in Prevention Programs While school and community based tobacco and drug abuse prevention programs based on social influences have produced the greatest cumulative evidence for prevention effectiveness, their effects are inconsistent. One possible cause of this inconsistency is effect moderation such that factors either intrinsic or extrinsic to some young people make them refractory to the interventions. In the first 4 years of the USC TTURC we carried out 2 longitudinal trials testing social influences prevention programs in a wide variety of cultural contexts in southern California and central China.We found evidence in both countries for a dispositional attribute moderator effect such that youth scoring high on hostility or depression experienced reductions in smoking measured 1 and 2 years post program, but those scoring low did not. In California we also found a moderator effect for social context, with a progam containing collectivist content (act for the good of others) effectively reducing smoking in homogeneous Hispanic schools but not in multi-cultural schools, and a program with an individualist approach (look after yourself) vJorking in multi-cultural schools but not homogeneous Hispanic schools. We propose a model whereby dispositional phenotypes interact with social context (programs) to alter response to prevention programming, and do so by working through mediation pathways involving cognitive, affective, and motivational arousal. Likewise we propose environment X environment interactions such that features of environment render one more or less receptive to a prevention program. Socio-cultural and dispositionai variations in populations might account for many of the inconsistencies in prevention program effects. We propose 3 studies: 1) a quantitative analysis of effect mediation by dispositional attributes and effect mediation by cultural context in 4 trials previously carried out in diverse cultural, regional, and international settings, 2) rigorous development of better phenotype an socio-cultural measures to better assess effect moderation and mediation. 3) a pilot trial designed to replicate the dispositional moderation effect and, through high intensity interventions negate, the effect by reaching otherwise refractory youth. Project 3 will do program by genotype assessments on one of the previous trials for comparison with program by phenotype analyses in this project.