Exploring the relationship between climate change, violence and inequality under contemporary neoliberalism: A case study of Papua, Indonesia

我的博士课题是在当代新自由主义下，气候变化如何与暴力和不平等相互作用。我将通过分析印度尼西亚巴布亚的一个案例研究来解决这个主要的研究问题。巴布亚地区由两个省组成，根据官方政府术语，这两个省被命名为巴布亚和巴布亚巴拉特。我计划探索这一领域的三个关键子问题：1。气候变化对巴布亚人口的暴力和不平等有何影响？2. 印尼作为“新兴市场”的地位如何影响了巴布亚对气候变化的反应？3. 长期的采掘工业化对巴布亚有什么性别、种族和种族化的影响？我的假设包括，气候变化加剧了巴布亚地区的暴力和不平等，这是由于采掘资本主义的暗流，这是基于殖民主义、种族主义和性别歧视的悠久历史。我将考虑与气候相关的暴力和不平等如何在社会群体之间以及国家与社会之间升级，从而进一步征服边缘化的土著人口。为了探索我的核心研究问题，我建议使用亲密-地缘政治和后殖民女性主义的框架，以及跨学科和混合方法的方法，利用定量和定性分析。我将借鉴学术文献和当地气候记录，并建议通过从档案中收集数据，并酌情对巴布亚当地居民进行调查或采访，进行独特的分析。至关重要的是，调查和访谈将通过参与式方式收集，与当地和区域非政府组织合作，如当地非政府组织Jaringan Advokasi social dan Lingkungan Tanah Papua (JASOIL)，与PUSAKA等区域非政府组织和国际非政府组织合作，如森林人民计划，以支持受棕榈油种植园影响的土著和农业社区（森林人民，2011）。考虑到文化、语言和结构上的差异，每次面谈或调查都将专门针对当地进行设计。我将与我的导师详细讨论道德和实践方面的考虑，并确保我以最合适和最不具侵入性的方式进行研究。我计划参考的主要资料来源包括围绕环境种族主义问题的学术文献，这些文献显示了气候变化如何不成比例地影响全球南方的边缘化群体，以及基于剥削和不平等的前殖民地。特别是，蒂利（2020）和普利多（2017）的后殖民工作将是这个项目的核心，就我如何处理研究和分析我的发现而言。此外，该研究将以围绕种族资本主义和基于种族、民族、性别和地缘政治的资本主义下的超级剥削的文献为基础（Sassen, 2014; Jackson, 2014; Bhattacharyya, 2018; Mies, 2014; Federici, 2012; Virdee, 2019; Howson, 2018）。我提出的研究项目重要、及时、新颖。该项目旨在为气候变化对东南亚安全影响的新兴工作体系做出实证贡献（Krampe和Nordqvist， 2018）。特别是，该项目旨在通过更深入地研究气候变化、暴力和不平等之间的相互关系，推进巴布亚地区与气候变化的社会后果相关的研究（350 Pacific, 2016）。项目也希望通过亲密地缘政治与后殖民女性主义的理论框架相结合，形成独特的分析。从理论上讲，这项研究旨在提高人们对巴布亚森林重要性的认识，它不仅是一种经济资产，而且是出于人类中心（和生态中心）的原因而需要保护的东西。我的研究追求有形的转变，主要是为那些在巴布亚地区面临直接后果。

My PhD project asks how climate change interplays with violence and inequality under contemporary neoliberalism. I will address this primary research question through analysing a case study of Papua, Indonesia. The Papua region is made of two provinces which are named, according to the official government terms, Papua and Papua Barat. I plan to explore three key subquestions within this region: 1. What impact has climate change had on the Papuan population in terms of rising violence and inequalities? 2. How has Indonesia's status as an 'emerging market' affected responses to climate change in Papua? 3. What gendered, ethnicised and racialised impact has long-term extractive industrialisation had in Papua? My hypotheses include that climate change has exacerbated violence and inequality in the region of Papua due to the undercurrent of extractive capitalism, which is based on a long history of colonialism, racism, and sexism. I will consider how climate-related violence and inequality has escalated between groups in society but also between the state and society, subjugating the marginalised indigenous population further. To explore my core research questions, I propose to use a framework of intimacy-geopolitics and postcolonial feminism, and an interdisciplinary and mixed methods approach drawing on both quantitative and qualitative analyses. I will draw on academic literature and local climate records, and propose to develop a unique analysis via data collection from archives, and surveys or interviews with local people within Papua as appropriate. Crucially, surveys and interviews will be gathered via a participatory approach, working with local and regional NGOs such as Jaringan Advokasi Sosial dan Lingkungan Tanah Papua (JASOIL) - a local NGO, working with regional NGOs like PUSAKA and international NGOs such as Forest Peoples Programme, to support indigenous and farming communities impacted by palm oil plantations in Papua (Forest Peoples, 2011). Each interview or survey would be designed specifically to the locality, taking account of cultural, lingual and structural differences. I will discuss in detail with my supervisor the ethical and practical considerations and ensure that I conduct the research in the most appropriate and least invasive way possible. The key sources I plan to consult include academic literature surrounding problems of environmental racism, which show how climate change disproportionately impacts the marginalised in the Global South, and former colonies based upon extraction and inequality. In particular, Tilley's (2020) and Pulido's (2017) postcolonial work will be central to this project in terms of how I approach the research and analyse my findings. Further, the research will build upon literature surrounding racial capitalism and super-exploitation under capitalism based upon race, ethnicity, gender and geopolitics (Sassen, 2014; Jackson, 2014; Bhattacharyya, 2018; Mies, 2014; Federici, 2012; Virdee, 2019; Howson, 2018). My proposed research project is important, timely and original. The project aims to make an empirical contribution to an emerging body of work on the security impacts of climate change in Southeast Asia (Krampe and Nordqvist, 2018). Particularly, the project seeks to advance the research on the Papua region in relation to the social consequences of climate change (350 Pacific, 2016), by looking in more depth at the interrelationship between climate change, violence and inequality. The project also hopes to develop a unique analysis through a combined theoretical framework of intimacy-geopolitics and postcolonial feminism. Theoretically, the research seeks to raise awareness of the importance of Papua's forests not just as an economic asset but as something that needs protecting for anthropocentric (and ecocentric) reasons. My research pursues tangible transformation, primarily for those facing direct consequences in the Papua region.