Scaleable integration of electronic and Photonic integrated circuits for quantum optics in silicon

这个博士学位的大部分时间将与Josh在The Big Photon小组一起完成，研究硅量子光学电子和光子集成电路的可扩展集成。另一个项目将与Jorge一起进行，研究相位调制器的频率复用控制，以减少低温恒温器和芯片的布线要求。这些项目都属于硅光子学领域的可扩展性，两位主管都渴望合作。光子集成电路（PICs）是一个很有前途的经典和量子信息处理平台。信息可以被编码成光的不同属性，这些光被限制在光刻技术制造在pic上的波导中。光的操作，从而编码的信息，通常是实现使用分束器和相位调制器。Reck等人表明，任何nx幺正操作都可以表示为使用简单马赫-曾德尔干涉仪实现的2x2幺正操作的某种线性组合。这些Reck方案，以及芯片上量子态的其他大规模操作，将需要1000个相位调制器，因此需要许多相同顺序的电气控制线。为了减少这种布线瓶颈，可以使用多路复用技术，允许从一条或几条控制线控制多个相位调制器。将相位调制器设计为频率相关，将允许所有调制器通过叠加相位调制电压的单根控制线进行控制。该方案将允许同时和独立控制所有调制器。这种方案对于在低温下运行的光子系统特别重要，因为在低温下，冷却系统对可用的控制导线的数量有严格的限制。硅光子学中的许多量子光学方案是不确定的，需要使用前馈信号来正确地路由预示事件。硅光子学中的单光子是通过不确定的参数过程产生的，需要通过检测信号光子来预告空闲光子。此外，为了减少不必要的多光子产生事件的机会，降低了泵浦功率，进一步降低了光子对产生的可能性。为了实现预示单光子的伪确定性生产，多个源被多路复用在一起，这样一个成功的单光子产生即使在一个源可以切换到输出。当完全集成在芯片上时，可用于切换单光子的短时间要求高度集成和快速的电子器件。这种电子架构的设计和它以可扩展的方式集成的方式需要额外的研究。

The majority of this PhD will be undertaken with Josh in The Big Photon group looking at scalable integration of electronic and photonic integrated circuits for quantum optics in silicon. Another project will be undertaken with Jorge looking at frequency multiplexed control of phase modulators in order to reduce wiring requirements into the cryostat and onto the chip. These projects fall under the same banner of scalability in silicon photonics with both supervisors eager to collaborate.Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) represent a promising platform for classical and quantum information processing. Information can be encoded into different properties of the light confined to waveguides lithographically fabricated on the PICs. Manipulation of the light, and thus the encoded information, is typically achieved using beam splitters and phase modulators. Reck et al. showed that any NxNunitary operation can be expressed as some linear combination of 2x2 unitary operations achieved using simple Mach-Zehnder Interferometers. These Reck schemes, and other large-scale manipulation of quantum states on chip, will require>1000 phase modulators thus be requiring a number of electrical control wires of the same order. To reduce this wiring bottleneck multiplexing techniques can be used to allow for the control of multiple phase modulators from a single, or few, control wires. Designing the phase modulators to be frequency dependent would allow for all modulators to be controlled froma single control wire with the phase modulating voltages superimposed. This scheme would allow for simultaneous and independent control of all modulators. This scheme is of particular importance for photonic systems operating at cryogenic temperatures where the cooling system imposes strict limitations on the number of control wires available. Many quantum optic schemes in silicon photonics are non-deterministic and require the use of feed-forward signals to correctly route heralded events. Single-photons in silicon photonics are generated through parametric processes that are non-deterministic, requiring the heralding of the idler photon through detection of the signal photon. Additionally, in order to reduce the chances of undesired multi-photon generation events the pump power is reduced, further reducing the likelihood of photon-pair production. In order to achieve pseudo-deterministic production of heralded single-photons multiple sources are multiplexed together such that a successful single-photon generation even at one source can be switched to the output. When completely integrated on chip, the short time available for switching the single-photon requires highly integrated and fast electronics. Design of this electronics architecture and the way in which it is integrated in a scalable manner requires additional research.