Structures And Biological Activity Of Alkaloids And Othe

两栖动物皮肤提供了广泛的生物活性生物碱，其中许多具有独特的药理活性和治疗潜力。这些生物碱包括batrachotoxins，它是钠通道的有效激活剂，组氨酸毒素，它是尼古丁受体通道和钾通道的非竞争性阻滞剂，pumiliotoxin /allopumiliotoxins和相关的homopiliotoxins，由于对钠通道的作用而具有肌强直和心脏强直活性，依比替丁，一种非常有效和选择性的尼古丁激动剂，具有有效的抗伤活性和epiquinamide，一种对某些受体亚型有选择性的烟碱激动剂。其他生物碱包括十氢喹啉类、吡咯利嗪类、吲哚利嗪类、喹诺利嗪类、左咪嗪类和各种三环生物碱，包括螺吡咯利嗪肟、藻毒素、假卟啉类、环五喹啉利嗪类、瓢虫碱类和瓢虫碱类似物。某些有毒鸟类和食性甲虫也含有这种细菌毒素。有机化合物的结构解析现在几乎完全基于光谱分析，使用紫外（UV），红外（IR），质谱（MS）和核磁共振（NMR）光谱技术。我们的天然产品项目依赖于强大的光谱技术的发展，用于分析从两栖动物皮肤和其他来源的提取物中获得的复杂混合物中微量的生物碱和其他化合物。关键技术是气相色谱（GC）或高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离，其次是紫外（UV）、红外（IR）和质谱（MS）的在线分析。这些技术，连同微化学反应（氘交换、氢化、酰化、顺式二醇的丁基硼化、甲醛GC分析的还原性n -甲基化和其他微反应）的发展，已经负责600多种生物碱的详细表征，代表了蛙皮提取物中20多种结构类别。HPLC是最通用的分离工具，可以研究所有的生物碱，甚至是那些高分子量或极性的生物碱，而不是GC，但由于缺乏大气压力化学电离（APCI）或电喷雾电离（ESI）的广泛碎片化，因此只能提供有限的结构见解。使用电子冲击电离（EIMS）的气相色谱-质谱分析提供了丰富的、可诊断的碎片模式，而化学电离（CIMS）提供了分子量，在氘化氨中，还提供了可交换OH和NH基团的数量。这种开创性的光谱研究已经扩展到在碰撞激活CIMS模式下开发和应用串联质谱，展示和阐明与传统EIMS不同和互补的片段。气相GC-FTIR（傅里叶变换红外）的分析潜力已经允许从红外的传统用途（识别官能团，如OH，羰基，双键和三键等）扩展到获得立体化学的见解（顺式或反式环结，使用玻尔曼波段分析信息，以确定氢在碳上的取向毗邻氮等）。在某些情况下，结合详细的核磁共振分析甚至合成进行结构验证，已经描绘了400多种生物碱的结构。目前，从中南美洲和马达加斯加的两栖动物中提取的生物碱已经鉴定出近50种新的生物碱，其中许多代表了新的结构类。蚂蚁、甲虫和千足虫是某些种类两栖动物皮肤生物碱的饮食来源，已被确定，特别是福蚁类蚂蚁为pumiliotoxins， melyrid甲虫为batrachotoxins， siphonotid千足虫为spiropyrolizidines。在一个新热带毒蛙谱系中，一种独特的矮毛猴毒素7-羟化酶立体选择性地将矮毛猴毒素转化为毒性更强的异矮毛猴毒素。这些生物碱激活了伤害感觉通路。生物碱的主要生物学靶点似乎是电压敏感离子通道和配体门控离子通道，特别是钠、钙和烟碱通道。

Amphibian skin has provided a wide range of biologically active alkaloids, many of which have unique profiles of pharmacological activity and therapeutic potential. These alkaloids include batrachotoxins, which are potent activators of sodium channels, histrionicotoxins, which are noncompetitive blockers of nicotinic receptor-channels and potassium channels, pumiliotoxins/allopumiliotoxins and related homopumiliotoxins, which have myotonic and cardiotonic activity due to effects on sodium channels, epibatidine, an extremely potent and selective nicotinic agonist with potent antinociceptive activity and epiquinamide, a nicotinic agonist selective for certain receptor subtypes. Further alkaloids include decahydroquinolines, pyrrolizidines, indolizidines, quinolizidines, lehmizidines, and a variety of tricyclic alkaloids, including spiropyrrolizidine oximes, gephyrotoxins, pseudophrynamines, cyclopentaquinolizidines, coccinellines and coccinelline analogs. The batrachotoxins also occur in certain toxic birds and dietary beetles. Structure elucidation of organic compounds is now based almost exclusively on spectroscopic analysis, using ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral techniques. Our natural products program has relied on the development of powerful spectral techniques for the analysis of alkaloids and other compounds present in minute amounts in complex mixtures obtained in extracts from amphibian skin and other sources. The key techniques are gas chromatographic (GC) or high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation, followed by analysis online of UV, IR and MS data. These techniques, along with development of microchemical reactions (deuterium exchange, hydrogenation, acylation, butylboronation of cis-diols, reductive N-methylation on GC analysis with formaldehyde, and other microreactions) have been responsible for the detailed characterization of over 600 alkaloids, representing more than 20 structural classes in frog skin extracts. HPLC is the most general separation tool, allowing study of all alkaloids, even those of high molecular weight or polarity that do not GC, but giving only limited structural insights because of lack of extensive fragmentation with either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). GC-MS analysis using electron impact ionization (EIMS) provides rich, diagnostic patterns of fragmentation, while chemical ionization (CIMS) provides molecular weight and, with deuterated ammonia, the number of exchangeable OH and NH groups. Such pioneering spectroscopic research has been extended to developing and applying tandem mass spectrometry in the collision-activated CIMS mode, demonstrating and elucidating fragmentations different from and complementary to conventional EIMS. The analytical potential of vapor-phase GC-FTIR (Fourier transform IR) has allowed extension from traditional uses of IR (to identify functional groups like OH, carbonyl, double and triple bonds, etc.), to the obtaining of stereochemical insights (cis- or trans-ring junctions, use of Bohlmann band analysis information as to orientation of hydrogens on carbons adjacent to nitrogen, etc.). In conjunction in some cases with detailed NMR analysis and even synthesis for structural verification, structures of over 400 alkaloids have been delineated. Current extracts from amphibians of Central and South America and Madagascar have led to identification of nearly 50 new alkaloids, many representing new structural classes. Ants, beetles and millipedes that are dietary sources of certain classes of amphibian skin alkaloids have been identified, notably formicine ants for the pumiliotoxins, melyrid beetles for the batrachotoxins, and siphonotid millipedes for the spiropyrrolizidines. A unique pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase in one lineage of neotropical poison frogs stereoselectively converts a pumiliotttoxin to a more toxic allopumiliotoxin. Such alkaloids activate nociceptive sensory pathways. The major biological targets for the alkaloids appear to be both voltage-sensitive and ligand-gated ion channels, in particular sodium, calcium and nicotinic channels.