The understandings and responses to inequality of white working- class men in the UK

这项研究旨在研究白人工人阶级男性用来应对“不平等感”的策略（Bottero 2019）。研究了白人工人阶级男性如何理解和应对与他们的种族、性别和阶级地位相关的不平等——以及相对优势。这个问题在当前的政治环境中尤为重要，包括英国脱欧和特朗普总统任期的后果、“黑人的命也重要”运动的重新出现，以及围绕白人工人阶级男性的中产阶级话语，这些话语将他们塑造成种族主义和厌女主义的摇篮，以及平等和进步的敌人（Webb 2019）。该研究提案并不否认白人工人阶级男性可以被右翼关于民族、种族和霸权男子气概的言论动员起来，但也承认这种动员是有争议的（Virdee 2014）。这种动员受到围绕不平等和再分配的态度、理解和叙述的影响，并且“与不平等的‘客观’水平没有直接关系”（Bottero 2019: 40）。这就提出了一个重要的未被充分研究的问题：白人工人阶级成员如何理解他们相对的阶级、性别和种族优势/劣势，这又如何影响他们对不平等的更广泛理解？该项目旨在研究当代英国白人工人阶级男性如何解释和反对他们阶级、性别和种族化立场的文化表现；探索他们如何争夺不平等合法化的过程，并将研究种族，性别和阶级如何在他们对社会不平等的态度和叙述的建构中相交。

This research proposes to examine the strategies white working class-men use to navigate"senses of inequality" (Bottero 2019)., examining how white working-class men understandand respond to inequalities - but also relative advantage - in relation to their racial, genderedand classed position.This question is of particular relevance in a political landscape that includes the aftermath ofBrexit and the Trump presidency, the re-emergence of the Black Lives Matters movement,and a middle-class discourse surrounding white working-class men which frames them as arepository for racism and misogyny and the enemy of equality and progress (Webb 2019).The research proposal does not deny that white working-class men can be mobilized by right-wing rhetoric regarding nation, race and hegemonic masculinity, but also acknowledges thatthis mobilization is contested (Virdee 2014). Such mobilization is impacted by the attitudes,understandings and narratives surrounding inequality and redistribution, and "are notstraightforwardly related to 'objective' levels of inequality" (Bottero 2019: 40). This raises an important under-researched question: how do white working-class member understand theirrelative class, gender and race advantage/disadvantage, and how does this shape their broaderunderstandings of inequality?The project aims to examine how contemporary white British working-class men interpretand contest cultural representations of their classed, gendered and racialised positions;explore how they contest processes of inequality legitimisation, and will examine how race,gender and class intersect in their construction of attitudes and narratives around socialinequality.