The Influence of the Parent-Child Attachment Relationship on Future Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.

对于智障儿童，父母的敏感被认为是影响他们依恋安全和未来心理结果的重要因素。研究发现，对智障儿童的养育更有可能是消极的（侵入性的、严厉的），而不是积极的（温暖的、亲密的关系）（Norona & Baker, 2017）。同样，如果父母更挑剔，或者采取严厉的纪律，这可能导致行为问题随着时间的推移而恶化（Totsika et al., 2014）。视频反馈干预措施已在国际上进行了测试，以促进敏感的养育方式和积极的亲子关系，特别是针对智力残疾儿童。VIPP-SD是一种以依恋为中心的适应性干预，通过提供响应性和亲子互动的视频反馈来提高父母的敏感性（Hodes et al., 2014; Poslawsky et al., 2014）。研究结果表明，VIPP-SD可以增强父母对孩子需求的洞察力，提高父母的反应性（Schuengel et al., 2021）。然而，目前还没有研究评估视频反馈干预对促进英国智障儿童家庭亲子关系的有效性。以下研究问题将在一系列相关的研究中进行检验：1。亲子关系的质量是否会影响智障儿童整个童年的行为和情感结果？2. a.智障儿童家庭的母子亲密度是否有不同的轨迹？b.哪些因素与智障儿童家庭的母子亲密轨迹有关？3. 在英国为智障儿童家庭提供和评估视频反馈干预以促进积极养育和敏感管教（VIPP-SD）是否可行？研究问题1：将使用1000个家庭研究（Hastings et al., 2020）的纵向数据进行两项研究。首先，亲子关系质量与ID儿童的行为和情绪问题之间的双向关联将使用研究数据的波1 -3进行检验。其次，将使用中介模型来检验研究第二阶段的亲子关系质量如何中介第一阶段的风险因素对第三阶段儿童行为和情绪结果的影响。研究问题2a/b：来自1000个家庭研究（Hastings et al., 2020）的纵向数据也将用于解决提出的研究问题。我们将使用三个波（RQ2a）收集的数据，进行生长混合模型，初步探索智力残疾儿童家庭中母子亲密度是否存在不同的轨迹。然后，我们将研究哪些因素（儿童、母亲和环境因素）与童年期间母子亲密关系的轨迹相关（RQ2b）。研究问题3：将进行一项小型试点研究，然后对视频反馈干预（VIPP-SD）进行混合方法可行性研究。该研究将包括随机对照试验和过程评估，包括对提供干预措施的家庭和从业者进行定性访谈（Skivington等人，2021年）。拟议的项目将有助于现有的理解，即亲子关系的质量如何影响智障儿童在整个童年时期的未来行为和情感结果。该研究还将提供新的见解，以了解在智力残疾儿童的家庭中，母亲与孩子的亲密程度是否会随着时间的推移而变化，同时考虑影响母亲与孩子亲密程度的因素。此外，视频反馈干预是否能有效提高儿童的成绩

For children with intellectual disabilities, parental sensitivity is recognised as an important component towards their attachment security and future psychological outcomes. Research has found that parenting of children with intellectual disabilities is more likely to be negative (intrusive, harsh) than positive (warm, close relationship) (Norona & Baker, 2017). Similarly, where parents are more critical or, engage in harsh discipline, this can lead to behavioural problems worsening over time (Totsika et al., 2014). Video-feedback interventions have been tested internationally to promote sensitive parenting and positive parent-child relationships specifically for children with intellectual disabilities. VIPP-SD is an adaptable attachment-focused intervention to enhance parental sensitivity by providing video feedback on responsiveness and parent-child interactions (Hodes et al., 2014; Poslawsky et al., 2014). Findings suggest that VIPP-SD can enhance parental insight into the needs of their child and improve parental responsiveness (Schuengel et al., 2021). However, no research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of video-feedback interventions to promote parent-child relationships in families of young children with intellectual disabilities in the UK. The following research questions will be examined in a series of linked research studies: 1. Does the quality of parent-child relationship affect the behavioural and emotional outcomes of children with intellectual disabilities across childhood? 2. a. Are there different trajectories of mother-child closeness in families of children with intellectual disabilities? b. What factors are associated with trajectories of mother-child closeness in families of children with intellectual disabilities? 3. Is it feasible to deliver and evaluate Video-Feedback intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) for families of children with intellectual disability in the UK? Research question 1: Longitudinal data from the 1000 Families Study (Hastings et al., 2020) will be used to carry out two studies. First, bidirectional associations between parent-child relationship quality and the behavioural and emotional problems of children with ID will be examined using Waves 1 -3 of the study data. Second, mediational models will be used to examine how parent-child relationship quality at Wave 2 of the study may mediate the impact of risk factors from Wave 1 on Wave 3 child behavioural and emotional outcomes. Research question 2a/b: Longitudinal data from the 1000 Families Study (Hastings et al., 2020) will also be used to address the proposed research questions. We will conduct growth mixture modelling to initially explore whether there are different trajectories of mother-child closeness in families of children with intellectual disabilities, using data collected across three waves (RQ2a). We will then examine what factors (child, mother, and environmental factors) are associated with trajectories of motherchild closeness across childhood (RQ2b). Research question 3: A small pilot study will be conducted and then a mixed methods feasibility study of the video-feedback intervention, VIPP-SD. The study will include a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation including qualitative interviews with families and practitioners delivering the intervention (Skivington et al., 2021). The proposed project will contribute to existing understandings of how the quality of the parent-child relationship influences future behavioural and emotional outcomes of children with intellectual disabilities across childhood. The research will also offer novel insights into whether mother-child closeness varies within families of children with intellectual disabilities over time, while considering what factors influence mother-child closeness. In addition, whether a video feedback intervention can effectively enhance the outcomes of children