Contradictions of Modernization between "West" and "East": Yugoslav Development Strategies for Integrating into World Markets, 1958-1972

我提出的项目的目标是分析南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟的领导人如何在20世纪60年代辩论将南斯拉夫经济融入世界市场的发展战略。我想重点讨论的关键转折点是1961-1962年和1964-1966年进行的市场改革，以及1971-1972年这些措施的部分撤回和重新制定。在这样做的时候，我打算提出以下关键问题：这些辩论在南斯拉夫共产党的分裂中发挥了什么作用？它们又是如何为冲突奠定基础的？这些冲突经过一系列偶然的历史过程，后来导致南斯拉夫本身的解体？我认为，南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟领导层内部的冲突是在国际政治和经济压力不断扩大（特别是冷战和市场日益国际化）的背景下对发展战略的选择产生的。更确切地说，我认为冲突的产生主要是因为领导人不断努力通过平衡两个相互矛盾的发展战略来适应不断变化的国际政治经济环境：市场取向的改革（“自由”）政策，如来自轻工业城市中心的成员所主张的，以及发展政策，如来自较贫穷地区和重工业，军事生产，原材料和战略物资。为了达成和维持脆弱的妥协，领导人在如何为经济生活的社会组织和相应的政治机构的建设确定一个最佳模式、对经济资源的控制以及实现上述目标所需的政策工具（市场激励、行政干预、权力下放的作用）等问题上不断发生冲突。在我的项目中，我希望摆脱主要或仅仅从国内民族主义冲突的角度来解释南斯拉夫政治斗争的主流观点，而是专注于辩论背后的经济因素和动机。在这方面，我的计划是探索南斯拉夫社会主义在“自由”改革十年期间的现代化经验，并根据当时东西方其他经济体面临的全球挑战重新定义其政治挑战。当我们走这条路时，这一分析将为我们提供的经验教训并不具体是南斯拉夫的，而是关于全球政治经济现实的更普遍的。进行海外实地考察的工作计划：我的海外实地考察旨在收集贝尔格莱德，萨格勒布和卢布尔雅那的关键主要来源。在贝尔格莱德，我将探索像南斯拉夫档案馆这样的档案馆，重点是与南斯拉夫联邦机构和经济机构有关的文件，在这个城市度过10个星期。在克罗地亚的萨格勒布和斯洛文尼亚的卢布尔雅那，我将深入研究每个共和国的人民议会和执行理事会的材料，在每个城市呆7周。与当地历史学家合作，我的目标是丰富我的研究，并有助于全面了解历史背景。此外，我将与当地专家建立联系，以获得有价值的见解。这种合作努力将提高我的研究成果的深度和真实性。实地考察将丰富我的博士论文提供独特的主要来源无法在其他地方。通过对档案的细致探索和与当地学者的合作，我的目标是为历史时期和地区的学术理解做出重大贡献。

The objective of my proposed project is to analyze how the leadership of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia debated development strategies for integrating the Yugoslav economy into the world market during the 1960s. The key junctures I want to focus on are the market reforms carried out during 1961-1962 and 1964-1966, but also the partial retraction and reformulation of these measures during 1971-1972. In so doing, I intend to ask the following key questions: what role did these debates play in the fracturing of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia? And how did they lay the groundwork for conflicts that, through a long series of contingent historical processes, would later lead to the dissolution of Yugoslavia itself?I will argue that conflicts within the leadership of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia arose over a choice of development strategy in the context of unfolding international political and economic pressures (especially the Cold War and growing internationalization of markets). More precisely, I shall propose that conflicts arose principally because the leadership was continually striving to adapt to changing international political-economic circumstances by balancing two contradictory development strategies: market-oriented reform ("liberal") policies, as advocated by members from urban centers of light industry, and developmental policies, as proposed by members from poorer regions and locations of heavy industry, military production, raw materials and strategic goods. In attempting to achieve and sustain fragile compromise, leaders continually clashed over how to define an optimal model for the social organisation of economic life and for the construction of corresponding political institutions; over control of economic resources; and over required policy instruments (market incentives, administrative intervention, the role of decentralization) for achieving the aforementioned goals. In my project, I wish to move away from the prevailing perspectives that interpret Yugoslav political struggles mainly or solely in terms of domestic nationalist conflicts and to instead focus on the economic factors and motives behind the debates. In this regard, my plan is to explore the Yugoslav socialist experience of modernization during the decade of "liberal" reforms and reframe its political challenges in terms of the global challenges facing other economies at the time, in both East and West. When we take this route, the lessons this analysis will offer us are not specifically Yugoslav but about global political-economic realities more generally.Workplan of conducting overseas fieldwork:My overseas fieldwork aims to gather crucial primary sources in Belgrade, Zagreb, and Ljubljana. In Belgrade, I'll explore archives like the Archives of Yugoslavia, focusing on documents related to Yugoslav federal bodies and economic institutions, spending 10 weeks in the city. In Zagreb, Croatia and Ljubljana, Slovenia, I'll delve into materials from the People's Assembly and Executive Council of each republic, spending 7 weeks in each city. Collaborating with local historians, I aim to enrich my research and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the historical context. In addition, I'll establish connections with local experts to gain valuable insights. This collaborative effort will enhance the depth and authenticity of my research findings. The fieldwork will enrich my doctoral thesis by providing unique primary sources inaccessible elsewhere. Through meticulous exploration of archives and collaboration with local scholars, I aim to contribute significantly to the scholarly understanding of the historical period and region.