Predatory Inclusion: Financial Markets, Debt and Palestinian Citizens of Israel

以色列境内的巴勒斯坦人长期处于失业和贫困状态。2018年，25岁至之间的以色列巴勒斯坦公民中，只有57.7%的人就业，而全国的就业率为80.3%。同年，45%的人生活在贫困中。许多个人投资公司被排除在以色列的金融市场之外，18%的人没有活跃的银行账户。然而，其他公司是在不平等和歧视的基础上并入的。尽管占总人口的21.4%，但个人住房抵押贷款占1.8%。虽然获得抵押贷款的渠道有限，但消费信贷是可以获得的。与此同时，大多数(68%)的私人股本公司报告长期负债，并在债务违约后不成比例地(37%)受到资产没收的影响。因此，在过去十年中，以色列政府制定了一项战略，以增加其200万巴勒斯坦公民的金融包容性。作为这一战略的一部分而实施的政策包括将已批出的抵押贷款增加一倍，并通过新设立的基金增加获得信贷和小额信贷贷款的机会。官方文件断章取义地将金融包容性作为一种手段，以提高巴勒斯坦独立选举委员会的社会经济地位，削弱有组织的巴勒斯坦犯罪组织的作用。PCI-以色列最不利的社区-的金融边缘化据说促使他们从非法贷款人那里借款，后者在破产情况下以暴力回应(例如，政府首席执行官委员会2020；第292号决议)。我建议研究以色列国家金融包容性战略和针对PCI的政策，以了解它们的历史、特征和对以色列种族资本主义的影响，以及它们与以色列定居者殖民主义正在进行的做法的关系。利用关于金融市场、种族、债务、不平等和其他社会政治背景下的边缘化的理论工作(例如，Elyachar 2002；Gilmore 2007；Galino 2010；han 2012；James 2014；Taylor 2019)，我的项目将对一系列学术辩论提供新的见解，特别是关于金融化和包容性；以色列/巴勒斯坦研究；种族资本主义；以及定居者殖民研究。我的研究将以三个问题为指导：1.自上世纪80年代初以色列转向新自由主义以来，针对个人投资的金融包容机制和政策是什么？2.以色列的金融包容战略如何塑造个人投资的种族和阶级动态？3.金融包容政策如何影响个人投资在以色列社会中的融合和地位？这项研究将通过关注被忽视的个人投资案例，填补巴以冲突政治经济学方面的学术空白。作为以色列公民，PCI面临着与约旦河西岸和加沙地带的巴勒斯坦人不同的独特形式的边缘化。PCI与以色列种族资本主义的关系是通过他们进入和并入以色列金融、住房和劳动力市场而在很大程度上调解的。这项研究还将阐明全球资本主义动态和种族统治制度如何塑造PCI现实。此外，我的研究将把PCI与其他遭受结构性种族主义和剥削的群体进行比较，在这些群体中，金融包容性已被用作政治工具，包括南非、美国和智利。探索这些案例研究的异同将有助于摆脱普遍存在于PCI学术研究的例外论框架。本项目将整合定量和定性研究方法，包括内容分析、评估PCI负债形式和深度的调查，以及对20-45岁不同背景的政策制定者、债权人和负债累累的PCI的半结构化访谈。

Palestinians in Israel suffer from chronic unemployment and impoverishment. In 2018, only 57.7 percent of Palestinian Citizens of Israel (hereafter PCI) between the ages of 25-64 were employed, in comparison with the national employment rate of 80.3 percent. In the same year 45 percent lived in poverty. Many PCI are excluded from Israel's financial market with 18 percent not having an active bank account. Others, however, have been incorporated on an unequal and discriminatory basis. Despite constituting 21.4 percent of the population, PCI hold 1.8 percent of mortgages. While access to mortgages is limited, consumer credit is accessible. Concurrently, the majority (68 percent) of PCI report a protracted state of indebtedness and are disproportionately (37 percent) subjected to asset forfeiture following debt default. Consequently, over the last decade, the Israeli government has developed a strategy to increase the financial inclusion of its two million Palestinian citizens. Policies implemented as part of this strategy include the doubling of granted mortgages and increasing access to credit and microcredit loans through newly established funds. Official documents discursively frame financial inclusion as a means of elevating the socio-economic status of PCI and weakening the role of organised Palestinian criminal organisations. The financial marginalisation of PCI - Israel's most disadvantaged community - is said to push them towards borrowing from illicit lenders, who respond with violence in cases of insolvency (e.g.Governmental CEO Committee 2020; Resolution 292).I propose researching Israeli state financial inclusion strategies and policies towards PCI, to understand their history, character, and implications for racial capitalism in Israel, and their relationship to the ongoing practices of Israeli settler-colonialism. Utilising theoretical work on financial markets, race, debt, inequality, and marginalisation in other socio-political contexts (e.g. Elyachar 2002; Gilmore 2007; Galino 2010; Han 2012; James 2014; Taylor 2019), my project will deliver new insights into a range of scholarly debates, particularly on financialisation and inclusion; Israel/Palestine studies; racial capitalism; and settler-colonial studies. My research will be guided by three questions: 1. What are the financial inclusion mechanisms and policies targeting PCI, developed since Israel's neoliberal turn in the early 1980s? 2. How have the racial and class dynamics of PCI been shaped by Israel's financial inclusion strategies? 3. How have policies of financial inclusion impacted the integration and position of PCI within Israeli society?This research will fill a gap in scholarship on the political economy of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict by focusing on the overlooked case of PCI. As Israeli citizens, PCI face a distinct form of marginalisation that differs from Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. The relationship of PCI to Israeli racial capitalism is significantly mediated through their access and incorporation into Israel financial, housing, and labour markets. This research will also shed light on how the PCI reality is shaped by global capitalist dynamics and a regime of racial domination. Furthermore, my research will situate PCI in a comparative context with other groups subjected to structural racism and exploitation, and where financial inclusion has been used as a political tool, including South Africa, the USA and Chile. Exploring the similarities and divergences with these case studies will help move away from a framework of exceptionalism that pervades scholarly research on PCI.This project will integrate quantitative and qualitative research methods including content analysis, a survey to assess the shape and depth of PCI indebtedness and semi-structured interviews with policy makers, creditors and indebted PCI from various backgrounds between the ages of 20-45.