Quantifying antibiotic resistance and antibiotic resistance selective chemicals in the River Almond Catchment Area - a baseline for risk assessment an

该项目属于受污染的生态系统主题，对受多种污染源影响的河流集水区进行“集水区到海岸”调查。它包括与抗生素耐药性（AR）相关的污染物形式的多重压力源的子主题。这些包括抗生素抗性细菌（ARB），抗生素抗性基因（ARG）和抗生素抗性（AR）选择性化学品，如抗生素，重金属和其他新出现的化学品（CEC）。这些压力因素影响抗生素耐药性的演变和传播，并作为环境污染物产生直接影响。这些直接的环境影响影响到河流集水区内的自然微生物种群、无脊椎动物和脊椎动物。其影响包括破坏微生物群落、其进化、多样性和生态系统功能。此外，这些污染物可能对高等生物有毒，具有生理效应，干扰发育和行为，并影响宿主微生物组（Kraemer等人，2019).该项目还包括社会福祉这一次主题。抗生素耐药性的惊人上升现在被广泛认为是当今面临的最严重的公共卫生危机之一。这场危机的紧迫性部分在于它并不新鲜。自1990年代初以来，在国家和国际一级商定的大量AMR行动计划表明，这是一个众所周知的问题。尽管有许多成功的干预措施，特别是发达国家降低了人类和动物的消费量，但耐药性水平仍在上升。这被认为是一个多部门的问题，通常被纳入“一个健康模式”，该模式将人类、动物和环境健康领域联系起来。然而，直到最近，环境领域在很大程度上一直被忽视。环境对AR的重大贡献在2016年得到了WHO的认可，在2019年得到了英国AMR战略的认可。因此，严重缺乏支持缓解或干预战略的数据。如果你考虑抗生素现在如何在我们卫生系统的几乎每一个部分发挥作用：简单的事情，如划痕可能会杀死你，分娩可能会杀死你，癌症治疗，大手术，糖尿病，在所有这些的背景下，往往是抗生素的使用，”De巴罗said.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns最近的研究表明，环境是耐药病原体传播和出现的重要因素（Singer et al.，2016）（Proia等人，2018）（Graham et al.，2010年）。综述了外部环境在抗生素耐药性发展和传播中的三个主要作用：（1）抗生素耐药（AR）病原体的传播途径，（2）选择增强耐药性和（3）出现新的耐药性。后两者是由环境AR选择性化学物质介导的，如抗生素、重金属和其他新出现的化学物质（CEC）。（J Bengtson-Palme等人，River Almond集水区拥有AR传输和选择“热点”的所有要素。包括九个废水处理厂（WTTP）、众多的合流污水溢流（CSO）和化粪池、农场动物废物、采矿排放和垃圾填埋场。该项目将提供关于杏仁河集水区抗生素耐药性（ARB和ARG）和AR选择性化学品的水平和来源的基线数据。目的确定受多种污染源影响的河流中抗生素耐药性（ARB和ARG）的丰度，并探讨其与抗生素耐药性选择性化学品沿着的相关性，为今后的风险评估和干预策略提供依据。

This project comes under the Challenged Ecosystems theme and undertakes a "catchment to coast" investigation of a river catchment which is impacted by multiple pollution sources. It includes the sub-theme of multiple stressors in the form of pollutants associated with antibiotic resistance (AR). These include antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) and antibiotic resistance (AR) selective chemicals such as antibiotics, heavy metals and other chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). These stressors affect the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance and have a direct impact as environmental pollutants. These direct environmental effects impact natural microbial populations, invertebrates and vertebrates within the river catchment area. Effects range from disrupting microbial communities, their evolution, diversity and ecosystem functions. In addition, these pollutants may be toxic to higher organisms with physiological effects, interfering with development and behaviour, and effects on the host microbiomes (Kraemer et al., 2019).The project also includes the sub-theme of societal well-being. The alarming rise in resistance to antibiotics is now widely accepted as being one of the most serious public health crises faced today. Part of the urgency of this crisis is that it is not new. The large number of AMR action plans agreed at national and international level since the early 1990s indicate this is a well known problem. Despite many successful interventions, especially lowered consumption in human and animals in developed countries, the level of resistance is still rising. This is recognised as a multi-sectoral issue, and is often framed within "The One Health model", which links the human, animal, and environment health domains. However, the environmental domain has been till very recently largely ignored. The significant contribution of the environment to AR was acknowledged by the WHO in 2016 and by the UK AMR strategy in 2019. As a result there is a critical lack of data for supporting mitigation or intervention strategies. If you consider how antibiotics now play a role in virtually every part of our health system: simple things like scratches could kill you, childbirth could kill you, cancer treatment, major surgeries, diabetes, in the background in all of these, is often the use of antibiotics," De Barro said.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns Recent studies indicate that the environment is a significant contributor to the transmission and emergence of resistant pathogens (Singer et al., 2016) (Proia et al., 2018)(Graham et al., 2010). An overview of the three main roles of the external environment in antibiotic resistance development and dissemination has been proposed - (1) a transmission pathway for antibiotic resistant (AR) pathogens, (2) selection of enhancement of resistance and (3) emergence of novel resistance. The latter two are mediated by environmental AR selective chemicals such as antibiotics, heavy metals and other chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). (J Bengtsson-Palme et al., 2018) The River Almond catchment area has all the ingredients of an AR transmission and selection "hotspot". Including nine waste-water treatment plants (WTTP), numerous combined sewer overflows (CSO) and septic tanks, farm animal waste, mining discharge and landfill sites. This project will provide baseline data on the levels and sources of antibiotic resistance (ARB and ARG) and AR selective chemicals in the River Almond catchment area. AimTo determine the abundance of antibiotic resistance (ARB and ARG) and investigate the correlation with antibiotic resistance selective chemicals along a river impacted by multiple pollution sources in order to provide a baseline for future risk assessment and intervention strategies.