Language Beyond Boundaries: Framing for a Dynamic Linguistic Ecological Approach to indigenous knowledge among Manobo-Matigsalug in Mindanao, Philippi

世界各地的土著社区面临失去其语言的威胁，导致其丰富的语言和文化遗产逐渐消失(联合国，2019年；伊格博阿努西和沃尔夫，2009年；安德森和安德森，2007年)。占主导地位的语言和文化的入侵，以及持续不断的生态问题，促使土著知识体系和做法(IKSP)、传统知识以及代代相传的知识逐渐消亡(联合国，2019年)。菲律宾土著社区也面临着这些危险，马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格，一个约有5万人的布基农原住民社区，受到了严重影响。我的项目在我之前对土著语言研究的基础上，研究了马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格人不断变化的“语言生态”(即语言如何相互作用以及它们所在的地方)，以应对他们的IKSP受到的威胁(豪根，1972)。我最主要的研究问题是“菲律宾布基农、基桃岛新努达的马诺博-马蒂格萨鲁格人如何适应他们社会的动态语言生态？”具体地说，我的项目将调查：1.什么霸权的语言、文化、政治制度、经济制度和环境问题推动了马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格人语言生态的变化？2.马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格人如何在面对语言生态变化时投射他们的语言态度和意识形态？3.马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格人的语言生态如何影响他们的IKSP的保存或放弃？在关键变化的时刻回答这些问题将有利于土著人民理解并向政府机构表达他们的需求，并帮助政府组织和国际发展机构了解如何支持正在经历大规模变化的土著社区。我的研究借鉴了三个关键的理论框架：语言生态、语言态度和语言意识形态。语言生态的概念现在已经根深蒂固，但语言与环境之间的相互作用，以及霸权文化和经济制度的影响还没有得到很好的理解。豪根主义传统(建立在豪根，1972)考虑了语言、人类思维、社会和环境；生物语言学方法考察了类似于生物多样性的多语言系统(Nettle&Romain，2002)；韩礼德将语言与环境问题和政治联系起来(Halliday，1991)。我还借鉴了语言态度的方法(Sallabank，2013；Garrett，2010)来分析Manobo-Matigsalug对他们的语言的个人主义倾向，以及语言意识形态的理论(Kroskrity，2010；Gal，2009)，以分析他们在社会、文化和政治环境中对他们语言的集体理解。我采用人种学的方法，通过参与者观察，需要8个月的沉浸，与Manobo-Matigsalug一起生活，观察和记录对话、行为、活动和社会行动的意义，以揭示他们动态的生态语言学和社会行为。为了测试、证实和/或完善我对民族志数据的理解，我将与Manobo-Matigsalug.进行深入的社会语言学访谈和焦点小组讨论。我的跨学科研究在三个方面开创了先河：将语言、文化、政治、经济学和环境科学结合到生态语言学中；文化和经济学如何重塑生态语言学；以及生态语言学如何维持/损害生态语言学。我的项目为期3.5年：Yr1--定位、完成文献综述、完善文献综述、Yr2--实地考察和分析、Yr3-3.5--完成分析、写作和出版。

Indigenous communities worldwide face the threat of losing their language, causing gradual annihilation of their rich linguistic and cultural heritage (United Nations, 2019; Igboanusi & Wolf, 2009; Anderson &Anderson, 2007). The incursion of dominant languages and cultures, and ongoing ecological concerns, provoke the progressive demise of indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSPs), traditionalknowledge transmitted across generations (United Nations, 2019). Philippine indigenous communities also face these perils, and the Manobo-Matigsalug, a Bukidnon aboriginal community of about fifty thousand people, are gravely affected.My project, building on my previous studies of indigenous languages, examines the Manobo-Matigsalug's changing "language ecology" (i.e. how languages interact with each other and the places they arespoken (Haugen, 1972)), in response to the threat to their IKSPs. My overarching research question is "How do the Manobo-Matigsalug in Sinuda, Kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines adapt to the dynamiclinguistic ecology of their society?" Specifically, my project will investigate:1. What hegemonic languages, cultures, political systems, economic institutions, and environmental issues drive changes in the language ecology of the Manobo-Matigsalug?2. How do the Manobo-Matigsalug project their language attitudes and ideologies in facing the changes to their language ecology?3. How does the Manobo-Matigsalug language ecology affect the preservation or abandonment of their IKSPs?Answering these questions at a time of crucial change will benefit the indigenous peoples in understanding and expressing their needs to government agencies, and help government organisationsand international development agencies understand how to support indigenous communities undergoing massive rapid change. My research draws on three key theoretical frameworks: language ecology,language attitudes, and language ideologies. The notion of language ecology is now well-established, but the interaction between language and environment, and the impact of hegemonic cultures and economicinstitutions are not well understood. The Haugenian tradition (building on Haugen, 1972) takes into account language, human mind, society, and environment; biolinguistic approaches examine multilingualsystems as analogous to biodiversity (Nettle & Romain, 2002); and Hallidayans link language to environmental issues and politics (Halliday, 1991). I also draw on approaches to language attitudes(Sallabank, 2013; Garrett, 2010) to analyse Manobo-Matigsalug's individualistic disposition towards their language, and theories of language ideologies (Kroskrity, 2010; Gal, 2009) to analyse their collectiveconstrual of their language in its social, cultural, and political environment.I adopt an ethnographic approach, through participant-observation, requiring 8 months of immersion, living with the Manobo-Matigsalug, observing and recording conversations, behaviours, activities, andmeanings of social actions to reveal their dynamic ecolinguistics and IKSPs. To test, corroborate, and/or refine my understanding of my ethnographic data, I will conduct in-depth sociolinguistic interviews andfocus group discussions with the Manobo-Matigsalug.My interdisciplinary research pioneers three aspects:combining language, culture, politics, economics, and environmental science in ecolinguistics; how culture and economics reshape ecolinguistics; and how ecolinguistics sustain/damage IKSPs. These perspectives have not previously been explored in the Philippine context.My project is structured for 3.5 years: Yr1 - orientation, completion of literature review, and refinement of literature review, Yr2 - fieldwork and analysis, Yr3-3.5 - completion of analysis, writing, andpublication.