Ecosystem services and land values: Analysing Land Value Capture Instrument's implementation process in coastal areas.

土地价值获取工具和环境解决方案之间的联系越来越受到研究人员的关注，因为在政府与气候危机相关的支出不断上升的情况下，土地融资机制作为一种替代方案，可以缓解当局的资金反应。环境改善--如基于自然的解决方案(NBS)--与土地价值之间的关系的几个例子可以找到。例如，在中国，空气质量的改善导致全市房地产价值上涨5.6%(Lord，van der Krabben&Don，2022年)。然而，文献表明，关于这一关系仍有许多需要了解的地方--特别是从涉及公共和私营利益攸关方的执行进程的角度。在这方面，生态系统服务部门制定的估值机制提供了一个坚实的起点。生态系统服务价值在1997年首次被提及，当时作者定义了自然资本的概念(Restrepo，2021年)--指的是自然服务和利益提供的存量(Constanza等人，1997年)。此外，生态系统服务描述了经济与自然之间的牢固联系，表现为人类社会不断获得的价值流动。换句话说，它描述了自然和经济之间的联系，贯穿于价值流向人类社会的整个过程(Restrepo，2021)。考虑到生态系统服务的概念需要自然和经济之间的联系，有可能制定生态系统服务的经济估值，承认人类从自然资本中获得“红利”(Restrepo，2021；TEEB，2010)。生态系统经济学与生物多样性方法(TEEB‘s，2010)提出了评估生态系统服务价值的三个主要步骤。首先，认识到生物多样性在物种、生物多样性、景观和生态系统中的广泛价值。其次，通过计算湿地提供的改善水质和防洪的成本和收益来展示价值--这与开发污水处理厂或大坝的传统灰色基础设施方法有本质上的不同。第三，捕捉价值。在这最后一步，土地价值获取工具和生态系统服务之间的联系更加精确，因为它需要引入将生态系统价值纳入决策的工具。综上所述，这项研究解决了土地价值获取工具在沿海地区的实施过程，这些工具可以建立一个合理的替代方案来应对获取价值的挑战。通过应用生态系统服务评估，不仅有必要了解土地价值获取机制提供的财政机会，而且有必要了解在每种情况下设计和实施工具时利益攸关方之间的相互作用(2012年5月；桑德，2018年)。话虽如此，在生态系统服务价值评估的基础上，这项研究将侧重于土地价值获取工具的实施过程--解决行为、制度和政治层面--旨在找出使这些机制蓬勃发展的关键因素。

The nexus between Land Value Capture instruments and environmental solutions has been receiving increasing attention from researchers due to the features of land-based financing mechanisms as an alternative to ease the funding response of the authorities -amid rising government climate-crisis-related expenditure. Several examples of the relationship between environmental improvements -such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS)- and land values can be found. For instance, in China, improvements in air quality led to citywide increases in property values of 5.6 per cent (Lord, van der Krabben & Don, 2022). However, literature shows that there is still much to understand about this relationship -especially from the implementation processes perspective involving public and private stakeholders. In this context, valuation mechanisms developed by Ecosystem Services grant a solid starting point. Ecosystem Services valuation was first mentioned in 1997 when authors defined the concept of natural capital (Restrepo, 2021) -referring to the stock provided by nature services and benefits (Constanza et al., 1997). Furthermore, Ecosystem Services depict a robust nexus between economy and nature expressed in continuous value flows received by human society. In other words, it describes the link between nature and economy throughout the value flows to human society (Restrepo, 2021). Bearing in mind that the concept of Ecosystem Services entails a bond between nature and economy, it is possible to develop an economic valuation of Ecosystem Services, acknowledging that humans receive a "dividend" from the natural capital (Restrepo, 2021; TEEB, 2010). Hence, it is essential for both the present and future of people's well-being to maintain a strong stock of natural capital.The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity approach (TEEB'S, 2010) suggests three main steps to assess Ecosystem Services valuation. Firstly, recognizing the broad dimensions of the value in species, biodiversity, landscapes and ecosystems. Secondly, demonstrating value by calculating, for example, the cost and benefits of improving water quality and flood protection provided by wetlands -which is substantively different from the traditional grey-infrastructures approach that would develop wastewater treatment plants or dams. Thirdly, capturing value. In this final step, the link between Land Value Capture instruments and Ecosystem Services is more precise, since it entails introducing tools that incorporate ecosystems' values into decision-making.To sum up, this research tackles the implementation processes of Land Value Capture instruments in coastal areas that can set up a sound alternative to cope with the challenge of capturing value. By applying the Ecosystem Services assessment, it will be necessary to understand not only the financial opportunity given by Land Value Capture mechanisms but also the interplay among stakeholders when instruments are designed and implemented in each context (May, 2012; Sander, 2018). With this being said, from the basis given by Ecosystem Services valuation, this research will focus on the implementation process of Land Value Capture instruments -addressing the behavioural, institutional and political dimensions- aiming to identify key factors that allow these mechanisms to thrive.