DEVELOPMENT OF LAUGHTER AND PROTOPHONES IN THEIR COMPLEXITY IN FORM AND FUNCTION

早期发展包括在语言中起关键作用的发声，即笑和原声(前语言发声)。笑是一种重要的交际工具，它在生活了几个月后就出现了(Ruch&Ekman，2001)，后来，它将被日常用于对话(Vettin&Todt，2004)。正如语言一样，随着时间的推移，它从原始形式演变而来(Kret等人，2021年)。在成人中，它与言语是协调的，因为它不是随机出现在句子中间，而是点缀在言语中(普罗文，1993)。原音素被认为是言语的前驱，因为它们经历了导致更精致的类似言语的声音的发育阶段(Nathani等人。2006)。此外，这一模式的任何剧变通常会导致未来的语言障碍(Oler等人，1999)。有趣的是，没有研究研究婴儿如何开始协调笑和原声调，也没有研究这些发声的复杂性是否随着其功能的复杂性而同时演变。该项目旨在研究跨文化和年龄组的原声调和笑在形式和功能上的复杂性。第一个目标是用传统的声学分析检查笑声和原声的声学形式，并测试它们发展过程中的共性和差异。第二个目标是考察在哪些行为和情感背景下，这些本地化发生和共同发生，以及它们的个体发生可能在多大程度上发生变化。假设笑声在形式和功能上的变化在开始与原声协调时被重塑。

Early development includes vocalizations that play a key role in language, i.e., laughter and protophones(pre-linguistic vocalizations). Laughter is an important communicative tool which appears after a fewmonths of life (Ruch & Ekman, 2001), and which, later, will be daily used within conversations (Vettin &Todt, 2004). Just as language, it evolves over time from a primal form (Kret et al., 2021). In adults, it iscoordinated with speech as it does not occur randomly in the middle of sentences, but punctuatesspeech (Provine, 1993). Protophones are considered to be the precursors to speech since they followdevelopmental phases leading to more refined speech-like sounds (Nathani, et al. 2006). In addition, anyupheaval of this pattern usually causes future language disorders (Oller et al., 1999). Interestingly, nostudies examined how infants start to coordinate laughter with protophones nor whether the complexityin form of these vocalisations evolves concurrently as their complexity in function.This project aims to study the complexity of protophones and laughter in both the form and function,across cultural and age groups. The first aim is to examine the acoustic form of laughter andprotophones with traditional acoustic analyses and to test for commonalities and differences in theirdevelopment. The second aim is to examine in which behavioural and emotional contexts thesevocalizations occur and co-occur and to what extent there may be changes in their ontogeny. Ihypothesize that laughter variation in both form and function becomes reshaped when starting to becoordinated with protophones.