The Revival of Bodily Knowledge in Philosophy in an Age of Governmentality and Biopolitics

这个博士项目建议调查身体表现如何改变关于结构性种族主义的话语。我打算加深对非语言表演如何体现政治意义的理解。在这里，我对言语交际和非言语交际进行了区分。福柯在他的《知识考古学》中概述了他的方法论，在他的方法论中，他将语篇理解为“已经说过的”和“没有说过的”的结合。1我试图通过关注语篇中体现的非语言部分来扩展批评语篇分析的理论基础和概念资源，而现有的批评语篇分析方法通常是分析语言方面的。我的假设是，非语言交流传达的意义与语境密不可分，并影响着话语。我将通过探索人体通过手势传达对结构性种族主义的批评的合理例子来证明非语言交流的重要性，手势被理解为表达思想或感觉的身体动作，特别是在体育竞技场。所研究的手势的一个例子是下跪。屈膝历来被用于宗教礼拜仪式，或作为对拥有更大权力的人的祈求的展示。然而，这一行为最近象征着对结构性种族主义的批判，结构性种族主义隐含在社会政治机构的框架内。我的项目分析了科林·凯珀尼克2016年的身体表演，将其作为这一现象的一个核心例子，并思考这一手势在上下文中传递的含义。凯珀尼克的表演让全球关注到了此前局限于美国范围内的关于结构性种族主义问题的论述，警察对少数族裔的制度化暴行就是例证。关于手势的历史意义的学术文献已经存在，包括Bremmer等人的《手势的文化史》，但非言语身体分析是一个不发达的研究领域。凯珀尼克抗议活动的影响是一个研究课题，包括齐林的《2021年凯珀尼克效应》。然而，这部作品并没有将下跪的历史意义联系起来。因此，本文建议发展关于手势意义的学术和一种跨学科的方法，通过这种方法可以对语篇进行批判性分析，以更好地理解反对结构性种族主义的非语言形式，更广泛地说，是影响话语的非语言形式。

This PhD project proposes to investigate how bodily performance can change discourse regarding structural racism. I intend to develop the understanding of how non-verbal performance can manifest political meaning. Here I draw a distinction between verbal and non-verbal communication which is based on the late Foucault's methodology, outlined in his The Archaeology of Knowledge, in which he understood discourse as a combination of the "already-said" and "non-said".1 I seek to expand the theoretical foundations and conceptual resources of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by focusing on the embodied non-verbal parts of discourse, whereas existing methods of CDA typically analyse the verbal aspects. My hypothesis is that non-verbal communications convey meanings that are inextricably linked to context and affect discourse. I will evidence the importance of non-verbal communication by exploring reasoned examples of the human body communicating critiques of structural racism through gestures, understood as a bodily movement expressive of thought or feeling, specifically in the sporting arena. An example of a gesture explored is genuflection, or kneeling. Genuflection has historically been utilised in religious liturgy or as a demonstration of supplication to one with greater power. However, this act has recently come to symbolise critique of structural racism, which is racism implicit within the framework of socio-political institutions. My project analyses Colin Kaepernick's 2016 bodily performance of "taking the knee" as one central example of this phenomenon and contemplate the meaning transmitted by this gesture in context. Kaepernick's performance brought global attention to a discourse that had previously been localised within the context of the US, regarding the issue of structural racism, exemplified by institutionalised police brutality against minorities. Academic literature on the historical meaning of gestures exists, including Bremmer et al, A Cultural History of Gesture, but non-verbal bodied analysis represents an underdeveloped research field. The impact of Kaepernick's protest is a topic of research, including Zirin's 2021 The Kaepernick Effect. However, this work does not contextualise the historical relevance of kneeling. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop the scholarship on the meaning of gestures and an interdisciplinary method through which discourses can be critically analysed to better understand the non-verbal forms of resistance against structural racism, and more generally, non-verbal forms of affecting discourse.