Equity assessment of demand-side flexibility technologies in grid integrated transportation electrification

随着“净零排放战略：更绿色的建设”的采用以及计划从2024年开始引入零排放车辆（ZEV）的任务，英国的能源和交通部门正面临着范式转变，并变得越来越相互关联。虽然过渡到电动汽车（EV）是交通运输部门脱碳的关键目标，但这也意味着整体电力需求将增加，需要更高的电网容量和发电量。随着收费行为模式的出现，预计需求高峰的时间和规模也将发生重大变化。为了最大限度地减少电动汽车对电网稳定性的负面影响，包括车辆到电网（V2G）在内的智能和灵活的充电技术被视为平滑电力需求的有前途的解决方案。这些技术旨在提高灵活性，使消费者能够受益于较低成本的非高峰电力充电，并在需求高峰或可再生能源发电量低的时期将汽车电池的未使用电力出售给电网。现有的政策和研究主要集中在电网容量和能源价格飙升避免的好处。然而，智能和灵活的充电技术的好处和潜在的坏处将如何在整个社会中分布，人们对此知之甚少。

With the adoption of the 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener' and planned introduction of zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate from 2024, the energy and transport sectors in the UK are facing a paradigm shift and becoming increasingly interconnected. While transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) is a key goal for decarbonisation of the transport sector, it will also mean overall electricity demand will increase requiring higher grid capacity and electricity generation. Substantial changes to timing and scaling of demand peaks are also expected with emerging patterns of charging behaviour. To minimize negative impacts of EVs on grid stability, smart and flexible charging technologies including vehicle-to-grid (V2G) are seen as promising solutions for smoothing electricity demand. These technologies aim to promote flexibility by enabling consumers to benefit from lower cost off-peak electricity for charging and sell unused power from car batteries back to the grid during times of peak demand or low renewable generation. Existing policy and research mostly focus on benefits on grid capacity and energy price surge avoidance. However, how benefits and potential disbenefits of smart and flexible charging technologies will be distributed across society is poorly understood.