Student-workers in Higher Education in Turkey

该研究以土耳其为背景，探讨了最近学生就业的扩大如何影响年轻人参与新大规模高等教育系统的愿望。该国持续的生活成本危机是一些学生在大多数不需要毕业生的行业从事学期和季节性工作的主要原因。该项目探讨了这如何影响学生对高等教育和劳动力市场的期望，从而导致他们的社会关系和政治态度的变化。它将采用多地点人种学，并与学生工作者进行深入访谈。在土耳其，高等教育以前所未有的速度扩张，在2006年至2008年之间建立了41所公立大学之后，每个城市都有了一所公立大学。虽然较新的机构缺乏适当的基础设施来提供优质教育，但它们为来自弱势背景的年轻人提供了机会，并承诺了社会流动性（Polat, 2017）。私立大学的建立和老机构的录取名额的不断增加增加了扩张，几乎一半的中学毕业生现在最终进入大学教育（Tekerek, 2023）。然而，这种扩张是在全球毕业生前景下降的背景下发生的（Tomlinson, 2017），这在土耳其最为引人注目，直到最近，土耳其是少数几个毕业生失业率高于非毕业生失业率的市场经济体之一（OECD, 2020）。因此，这项研究将调查除了幻灭之外，还有什么其他影响，每一种影响都有其社会政治含义，可能会影响学生工人在劳动力市场上的高等教育愿望和经历。本研究将弥补新兴经济体高等教育扩张和学生工经验研究的不足。土耳其过去二十年的特点是第一个民粹主义时期，其中市场化和公共产品的扩张并存（Yoruk, 2022），其中HE是一个突出的时期。随后，由于积累危机和日益增长的不满情绪，威权主义转向（Altinors & Akcay, 2022）。后者导致货币贬值，导致土耳其在住房和食品方面的通货膨胀率在经合组织国家中最高（经合组织，2022年），这是与学生生计最相关的项目。因此，该国为研究政策变化对高等教育扩张和学生就业的影响提供了一个极好的案例。该研究涉及两个城市的多地点人种学，以考虑区域发展的差异：a)伊斯坦布尔，拥有最多的学生人口，生活成本和学生工作的各种行业；b)安塔利亚，拥有基于区域发展需求的大学，以旅游业和农业为生，并且是房价最高的城市之一。它将采用一种互动方法，采用人种学观察，然后与学生工作者进行深入访谈。[参考文献]altinors， G. & akay， U.（2022）威权主义新自由主义，危机与巩固：土耳其政权更迭的政治经济学，全球化，19:7,1029-1053,DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2021.2025290 .]土耳其高等教育的扩张：教育机会、平等和地区回报、结构变化和经济动态（43）：1-14。Tekerek， T.（2023）。塔斯拉大学：Ak Parti'nin Arka KampUsU。伊斯坦布尔:Iletisim。汤姆林森，M.（2017）。背景下的毕业生就业能力：描绘一个复杂的、有争议的和多方面的政策和研究领域。(1)刘建军，《大学毕业生就业能力：理论、研究与争论》，清华大学学报（自然科学版）。约鲁克，E.（2022）。土耳其的福利政治。在g.m. Tezcur（编辑）牛津土耳其政治手册。牛津大学出版社。

The research explores how the aspirations of young people participating in a newly massified HE system are influenced by the recent expansion of student employment, in the context of Turkey. The ongoing cost of living crisis in the country is the primary reason why several students take up term-time and seasonal jobs in mostly non-graduate industries. The project explores how this impacts on students' aspirations regarding HE and labour markets, leading to concomitant changes in their social relations and political attitudes. It will employ multi-sited ethnography together with in-depth interviews with student-workers.HE expanded at an unprecedented pace in Turkey, and every city came to have one after the establishment of 41 public universities between 2006-8. Whilst newer institutions lacked the proper infrastructure to give quality education, they enabled access and promised social mobility to young people from disadvantaged backgrounds (Polat, 2017). The establishment of private universities and the constant rising of admission quotas of older institutions added to the expansion, and almost half of school leavers now end up in university education (Tekerek, 2023). Yet, this expansion occurred in the context of globally declining graduate prospects (Tomlinson, 2017), which is most strikingly observed in Turkey, one of the few market economies in which graduate unemployment was higher than that of non-graduates until recently (OECD, 2020). The research will hence investigate what other affects besides disillusionment, each with its socio-political implications, could be structuring student-workers' HE aspirations and experiences in the labour market.The research will compensate for the insufficiency of research on HE expansion and student-worker experiences in emerging economies. Turkey's last two decades are marked by a first populist period in which marketization and expansion of public goods coexisted (Yoruk, 2022), with HE being a prominent one. This was followed by an authoritarian turn emanating from an accumulation crisis and growing discontent (Altinors & Akcay, 2022). The latter led to the devaluation that caused Turkey to have the highest inflation rates in housing and food among OECD countries (OECD, 2022), items most relevant to student livelihood. The country hence provides an excellent case to study the impact of policy changes on HE expansion and student employment. The research involves multi-sited ethnography in two cities to factor in differences in regional development: a) Istanbul, which has the highest student population, cost of living and the variety of industries with student jobs b) Antalya, which hosts universities founded upon demands of regional development, subsists on tourism and agriculture, and has one of the highest housing prices. It will deploy an interactive method, with ethnographic observations followed by in-depth interviews with student-workers.ReferencesAltinors, G. & Akçay, U. (2022) Authoritarian neoliberalism, crisis, and consolidation: the political economy of regime change in Turkey, Globalizations, 19:7, 1029-1053, DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2021.2025290Polat, S. (2017). The Expansion of Higher Education in Turkey: Access, Equality and Regional Returns to Education, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 43: 1-14.Tekerek, T. (2023). Tasra Universiteleri: Ak Parti'nin Arka KampUsU. Istanbul: Iletisim.Tomlinson, M. (2017). Introduction: Graduate Employability in Context: Charting a Complex, Contested and Multi-Faceted Policy and Research Field. (In) M. Tomlinson & L. Holmes (Eds), Graduate Employability in Context: Theory, Research and Debate, Pagrave Macmillan.Yoruk, E. (2022). The Politics of Welfare in Turkey. In G. M. Tezcur (Ed) The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics. Oxford University Press.