Alteration to existing mortuary spaces and additional burials during the Old Kingdom through early Middle Kingdom (c.2686-c.1991 BCE)

这个项目研究了在埃及古王国到中王国早期（公元前2686-公元前1991年）将额外的墓葬纳入现有太平间空间的做法，以了解埃及人如何与物理太平间空间接触，以创造一种“地方感”。“使用一个原始的、跨学科的框架，我将探讨如何以及为什么额外的埋葬被整合到现有的太平间空间，以纠正和重新构建现代学术话语中关于这些改变的流行殖民叙事。改变广义上是指对原始的物理埋葬空间所做的改变。例如，为容纳新的墓葬而进行的改变，如装饰/文字上的改变和增加墓葬竖井，都是改变的一个例子。自Seidlmayer（1990）关于额外墓葬的章节以来，很少有研究探讨了所提出时期的额外墓葬，也没有研究将墓葬空间的改变作为人们参与墓葬空间的证据。古埃及额外墓葬的研究直到最近才得到学者的关注，如Grajetzki（2007），Miniaci（2018; 2019）和Maitland（2017）。例如，Miniaci（2018）建立了一个理论模型，使用建筑和使用时间来解释中王国晚期额外的埋葬。尽管大多数关于额外埋葬的研究通常将其归类为“侵入性”或“次要”，但对埃及人与这些空间的接触的仔细分析表明，额外的埋葬被认为是个人丧葬崇拜延续的组成部分。通过定性的案例研究方法，我的项目整合了涂鸦和金石学研究中的非本土技术（Plesch，2017）和地方制造（Tuan，1979）与埃及概念的本土框架，如“地方”和“一代”（Frood，2010）。该方法用于检查社会经济指标，包括亲属关系，性别，社会地位和财富（Olabarria，2020），以及返回和再利用（Quinn，2015）。我的项目回答了以下关键研究问题：1.停尸房空间以何种方式改变以容纳额外的埋葬？2.这些改动与典型的、标准化的墓葬铭文、装饰和布局有何不同？3.停尸房空间被改变以增加额外的埋葬方式是否有模式？4.现有的停尸房空间的改变如何反映人们与他们的物理环境的整合，而不是掠夺？5.为什么在讨论停尸房中存在额外的埋葬时，侵占或侵入的想法仍然如此突出？为了回答这些问题，我将仔细研究考古和档案记录，以了解新墓葬的太平间空间的变化以及挖掘者如何处理这些变化。我将整理我的笔记，以创建一个额外的埋葬例子目录，以定性分析我选择的案例研究。像Olabarria（2020），Maitland（2018），Nyord（2018年; 2020年）和马蒂奇（2018年），该项目重新审视了早期对额外墓葬的殖民解释，以提供理解这些墓葬并摆脱传统的新方法，嵌入式叙事仍然保持在生物学。纠正殖民地的解释批判性地重新框架额外的埋葬在学术上，以表明这些埋葬并不像通常描述的那样本质上是坏的。

This project examines the practice of incorporating additional burials into existing mortuary spaces during the Egyptian Old through Early Middle Kingdoms (c.2686-c.1991 BCE) to understand how the Egyptians engaged with physical mortuary spaces to create a sense of 'place.' Using an original, interdisciplinary framework, I will explore how and why additional burials were integrated into existing mortuary spaces, to redress and reframe prevailing colonial narratives regarding these alterations in modern academic discourse.Alteration broadly refers to changes that are done to the original, physical burial space. For example, changes made to accommodate new burials, such as decorative/textual changes and the addition of burial shafts, are an example of alteration. Since Seidlmayer's (1990) chapter on additional burials, few studies have explored additional burial for the proposed period, and none use alterations to mortuary space as evidence of peoples' engagement with mortuary spaces.Studies into additional burials in ancient Egypt only recently gained attention by scholars, like Grajetzki (2007), Miniaci (2018; 2019) and Maitland (2017). For example, Miniaci (2018) established a theoretical model using architecture and timespan of use to explain late Middle Kingdom additional burials. Though most studies of additional burial generally categorise them as 'intrusive' or 'secondary,' a close analysisof Egyptian engagement with these spaces shows that additional burials were considered integral to the continuation of individual mortuary cults.Through a qualitative case-study methodology, my project integrates non-indigenous techniques from graffiti and epigraphic studies (Plesch, 2017) and place-making (Tuan, 1979) with an indigenous framework of Egyptian concepts like 'place' and 'generation' (Frood, 2010). This methodology is used to examine socio-economic indicators including kinship, gender, social status, and wealth (Olabarria, 2020), as well as return and reuse (Quinn, 2015). My project answers the following key research questions are:1. In what ways were mortuary spaces altered to accommodate additional burials?2. How do these alterations differ from typical, standardised tomb inscriptions, decoration, and layout?3. Are there patterns in the ways that mortuary spaces were altered to add additional burials?4. How does the evidence for alteration in existing mortuary space reflect peoples' integration with their physical environment rather than usurpation?5. Why is the idea of usurpation or intrusiveness still so prominent when discussing the presence of additional burials in mortuary spaces?To answer these questions, I will closely examine archaeological and archival records to understand changes to mortuary spaces for new burials and how these have been treated by excavators. I will organise my notes to create a catalogue of examples of additional burials to qualitatively analyse my chosen case-studies.Like Olabarria (2020), Maitland (2018), Nyord (2018; 2020), and Matic (2018), this project recontextualises earlier colonial interpretations of additional burials to provide new ways to understand these burials and break away from traditional, embedded narratives still held in Egyptology. Redressing colonial interpretations critically reframes additional burials in scholarship to show that these burials are not inherently bad as often described.