Definiteness in Gothic & Old Church Slavonic biblical translation: a semantic analysis of form and use

我的研究重点是比较哥特式和旧教会斯拉夫语(OCS)中各种可能的确定性实例化的分布和语义，使用比较分析的方法来考察哥特式和旧教会斯拉夫语在多大程度上能够代表原始希腊语来源的确定性，并比较这种确定性实例化在每种语言中的情景使用范围(语义参照类型)。其目的不仅是确定哥特语和OCS作为独立语言各自表现出确定性的程度，而且更具创新性地确定哥特语和OCS中确定性的语义具有可比性的程度。通过比较定式的情景用法，我的目的是比文献更进一步，将每种语言放在语义发展的谱系上，朝着完全确定的方向发展，希腊语是完全确定标记的典范。哥特式和旧教会斯拉夫语都被认为在不同程度上将确定作为语义范畴来表达。我的目标是在现有文献的基础上，注意到每种语言在确定性的潜在实例方面的一些明显的相似之处。哥特式形容词和OCS形容词在使用独特的形容词形式方面有明显的可比性，这些形容词形式被认为是为了表达明确：OCS长式形容词与短式形容词相反(Lindberg，2013和Flier，1974)，哥特式弱式形容词与强式形容词相反，哥特式式的弱式形容词也(主要)伴随指示代词(Ratkus，2018)。我们还注意到在每种语言中使用不同的指示代词，这将在后来的斯拉夫语和日耳曼语的认证中发展成为成熟的限定冠词：OCS指示代词在中世纪保加利亚语中发展成限定冠词，而哥特语的指示代词与现代日耳曼语中的完整限定冠词形成对比。我还将调查一些分歧的领域，例如，OCS可以有争议地使用所有格宾格(GA)作为斯拉夫语中生命体类别发展中的一个潜在的确定性标记。我打算通过考虑这些形式的语义，进一步探讨这些形式的相似之处，既将确定性视为每种语言的一个范畴，又将其视为两者之间的比较光谱。为此，我将利用一个跨语言的不同情景用法(语义参照类型)的综合列表，然后我可以使用这些列表作为分析的基础。通过对每种语言中确定性实例的分析，我希望不仅能洞察这种确定性实例在每种语言中的分布，还能洞察这些形式的语义发展，从而帮助我们把哥特式和OCS放在一个频谱上，走向我们在现代变体中看到的完全确定性标记。我的初步研究将涉及量化这三种语言(包括希腊语)中各种潜在的确定性实例，并根据情景用法对这些实例进行分类。为此，我计划使用我在MPhil论文中使用的相同的希腊语、哥特语和OCS圣经翻译的数据集，以比较哥特语和OCS和希腊语中Ga前缀的语义。由于我们没有哥特式或OCS圣经翻译的原始希腊语来源，我也将利用一系列希腊语来源，包括斯特里特伯格的关键版本。我们还注意到，以前已经在希腊新约中对引用类型进行了语义标记(Lindberg，2013)，在TOROT树库中对OCS进行了类似的工作。这使这项任务变得更加可行，因为我的工作将主要涉及分析哥特式文本，交叉参考先前对OCS和希腊语文本的分析，并使这种分析适应我的特定光谱。

My research focus is to compare the distribution and semantics of various potential instantiations of definiteness in Gothic and Old Church Slavonic (OCS), using comparative analysis to investigate the extent to which Gothic and OCS are able to represent the definiteness of the original Greek sources, and comparing the range of situational uses (types of semantic reference) of such instantiations of definiteness in each language. The aim is to determine not only the extent to which Gothic and OCS can each exhibit definiteness as independent languages, but, more innovatively, the extent to which the semantics of definiteness in Gothic and OCS are comparable. By comparing the situational uses of definite forms, I aim to go further than the literature and position each language on a spectrum of semantic development towards full definiteness, with Greek as an exemplar of full definiteness marking.Both Gothic and Old Church Slavonic have been argued to express definiteness as a semantic category to varying degrees. I aim to build on the existing literature by noting some clear similarities between each language in terms of potential instantiations of definiteness. There is a clear point of comparison between Gothic and OCS in the use of distinctive adjectival forms which have been argued to render definiteness: OCS long-form adjectives used in contrast to short-form adjectives (Lindberg, 2013 and Flier, 1974), and Gothic weak adjectives in contrast to strong adjectives, with such weak forms in the Gothic also (mostly) accompanied by demonstrative pronouns (Ratkus, 2018). We also note the use of distinct demonstrative pronouns in each language which will develop in later attestations of Slavonic and Germanic languages into fully-fledged definite articles: OCS demonstrative pronouns develop into definite articles in Middle Bulgarian, while the demonstrative pronouns in Gothic contrast with fully-fledged definite articles in modern Germanic varieties. I will also investigate some areas of divergence, for example that OCS arguably makes use of the genitive-accusative (GA) as a potential marker of definiteness in the development of the animacy category in Slavonic. I intend to take these formal similarities further by considering the semantics of such forms, both regarding definiteness as a category of each language, and as a spectrum of comparison between the two. To this end, I will make use of a comprehensive list of different situational uses of definiteness (semantic reference types) cross-linguistically which I can then use as the basis of the analysis. By analysing the instantiations of definiteness in each language with such a spectrum, I hope to offer insight not only into the distribution of such instantiations of definiteness in each language, but also the semantic development of such forms, in turn helping us to put Gothic and OCS on a spectrum towards the full definiteness marking we see in the modern varieties.My initial research will involve quantifying the various potential instantiations of definiteness in each of the three languages (including Greek) and classifying these along a spectrum of situational uses. To this end, I plan to use the same dataset of Greek, Gothic and OCS biblical translations that I used for my MPhil thesis on the semantics of 'ga'-prefixation in Gothic compared to OCS and Greek. As we do not have the original Greek source of the Gothic or OCS biblical translations, I shall also make use of a range of Greek sources, including critical editions such as that of Streitberg. We also note that semantic tagging of reference types in the Greek New Testament has been performed previously (Lindberg, 2013), with similar work on OCS performed within the TOROT treebank. This makes the task significantly more feasible, as my work will primarily involve analysing the Gothic text, cross-referencing the previous analysis of OCS and Greek text, and adapting this analysis to my specific spectrum.