The Cultural Impacts of Animal Advocacy: The Case Study of Bristol, c.1970-Present

这项研究项目将分析1970年至今英国动物倡导运动对公众对动物问题概念化的影响。这样做的目的是了解社会运动战略如何影响他们在创造这些文化转变方面的成功。该项目将以布里斯托尔运动的个案研究为重点，使用定性和定量相结合的方法，首先确定运动中出现的话语框架，然后分析在研究期间这些框架在更广泛的社会中出现的程度。英国社会中语言的变化将追溯到运动中的特定运动--通过这样做，每种策略的相对成功都将被确定。该项目将填补这一运动历史知识的重大空白，并将有助于在理解社会运动策略如何影响他们产生文化变化的能力方面取得重大进展。本项目的核心研究问题将是：“英国动物倡导运动的策略如何影响其改变对动物的文化认知的能力？”该项目的方法建立在现有分析的基础上，以确保其目标既现实又可实现。尽管学者们表示，就社会运动的结果而言，在因果之间找出联系可能比预期的要难得多，但内拉·范·戴克和维塔·泰勒最近表示，确实存在能够克服这些联系的方法。例如丹朱、托马斯·罗雄以及威廉·甘森和安德烈·莫迪利亚尼的研究。在每一篇文章中，学者们都利用框架的概念进行分析，以了解一个问题是如何在抗议运动中(或在甘森和莫迪利亚尼的案例中，来自政客)被理解的，然后在接下来的几年里在公共话语中传播。本项目将调整这一分析过程，以研究动物倡导运动的策略的影响。该项目的混合方法使其有能力“解决研究问题的所有方面”。(Lockyer 2006)，它将结合两种不同的方法，框架分析和定量分析，以了解所传达的意义及其在更广泛的社会中的接受程度。对动物动作的分析将主要使用框架分析来衡量其使用的关键语言和框架，以及它们的预期意义。将使用来自运动每个部分的组织和宣传来源，来自苏塞克斯的RSPCA等档案馆，以及这些组织的报纸声明。一旦对这些含义进行了评估，每个部分将继续确定在更广泛的英国社会中动物概念化的变化。为了增加这一分析的有效性，并节省时间，它将首先使用量化技术来突出这种语言变化的关键时刻。找出这些，然后继续仔细阅读这篇文章，看看这个用法背后的意思是否反映了运动中的那些意思。这里的主要来源将是曼彻斯特和牛津的工党和保守党档案馆的报纸记录(包括发表的信件)、群众观察记录、议会讨论和政党记录。潜在来源的多样性使该项目有机会在不同的文化领域之间辨别抗议策略的相对成功；它们也使该项目有机会根据其时间框架进行适当调整，而不会通过包括或省略不同的领域而影响其有效性。

This research project will analyse the impacts of the British animal advocacy movement on public conceptualisations of animal issues between 1970 and the present. It will do this with the intention of understanding how social movement strategy affects their success at creating these cultural shifts. Focusing on the case-study of Bristol's movement, the project will use a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to first identify the emergence of discursive frames within the movement, and then analyse the extent to which these frames emerged within broader society during the period under study. Changes to language in British society will be traced to particular campaigns in the movement - and by doing this, the relative success of each strategy will be identified. This project will fill significant gaps in knowledge on the history of this movement and will also contribute towards significant advances in understanding how social movement strategy impacts upon their ability to generate cultural change.The core research question of the present project will be: 'How have the strategies of the British animal advocacy movement affected its ability to change cultural perceptions of animals?'. The methodology of this project builds upon those of existing analyses, to ensure that its aims are both realistic and achievable. Although academics have stated that drawing links between cause and effect 'can be much harder than expected where social movement outcomes are concerned,' Nella Van Dyke and Verta Taylor have recently suggested that methodologies do exist which make it possible to overcome these. Examples include D'Anjou's, Thomas Rochon's, and William Gamson and Andre Modigliani's studies. In each of these, scholars utilised the concept of frames for their analysis to understand how an issue has been understood in a protest movement (or in Gamson and Modigliani's case, from politicians) and then propagated in public discourse in the following years. The present project will adapt this analytical process to study the impacts of the animal advocacy movement's tactics.The project's mixed-methods approach grants it the ability to 'address all dimensions of the research question'. (Lockyer 2006) It will combine two different approaches, frame analysis and quantitative analysis, to understand the meanings being conveyed and the level of their reception in broader society.Analysis of the animal movement will predominantly use frame analysis to gauge the key language and frames which it uses, and their intended meanings. Organisational and publicity-oriented sources from each part of the movement will be used, from archives such as the RSPCA's in Sussex, alongside newspaper statements by these organisations. Once these meanings have been assessed, each section will go on to identify changes to conceptualisations of animals in broader British society. To add validity to this analysis, and to save time, it will begin by using quantitative techniques to highlight key moments of change to this language. Having pinpointed these, it will then follow through with close reading of this discourse, to see whether the meanings behind this usage mirrors those within the movement or not. Key sources here will be newspaper records (including published letters), Mass Observation records, council discussions, and political party records through the Labour and Conservative Party's archives in Manchester and Oxford. The variety of potential sources gives the project an opportunity to discern relative successes in protest strategy between different cultural spheres; they also give the project the opportunity to be appropriately scaled for its timeframe without affecting its validity by including or leaving out different spheres.