Hybrid governance configurations, co-production and unequal water outcomes in the Mathare informal settlement, Nairobi

估计有5300万人生活在非洲城市的非正式定居点（Tusting et al., 2019）。与全球大多数南方国家的情况一样，这些地区的特点是阶级隔离、不平等和多种形式的忽视和剥夺，包括无法获得水和卫生设施等公用事业服务（Myers, 2011）。因此，定居点居民被迫依赖非正式的服务提供者。然而，通过这些提供者获得服务受制于普遍存在的定居点一级政治，这涉及行动者和机构的混杂性。在过去十年中，以城市治理合作生产为中心的研究和干预措施有所增加（Mitlin & Bartlett, 2018）。然而，我们对混合治理安排如何影响合作生产过程和结果的理解仍然非常有限，特别是在水的可及性和可获得性方面。虽然研究人员广泛研究了与公民-国家关系和社会运动有关的联合生产，但文学对日常政治如何影响联合生产的过程和结果却保持沉默。此外，只有少数研究认识到共同生产的城市服务可能会在社区中再现不平等的权力关系（Siame & Watson, 2022）。通过对快速转型和致密化的非正式住区Mathare的案例研究，并以供水服务为视角，拟议的研究旨在通过探索该住区的微观政治，并将这一分析与共同生产的供水服务和家庭用水结果（优质水的可及性和可用性）联系起来，解决这一差距。这个建议建立在我与Mathare社区组织Ghetto Foundation合作的研究经验之上。我的研究将产生与分析、设计、实施和评估未来类似环境下联合生产干预措施相关的新颖概念和实践见解。研究问题本研究的中心研究问题是：混合治理结构是如何形成、组织和网络化的，它们是如何塑造联合采水服务的过程和结果的？根据研究的具体目标，我将中心问题分为五个子问题，具体如下：目标一：分析随时间的变化。32.自从2007/8年的断水和抗议活动以来，随着定居点的密度增加，同时也经历了越来越多样化和分散的供水服务提供商，Mathare的供水有什么变化？随着时间的推移，混合治理配置以何种方式响应和适应水政策和规划？目的二：分析行动者之间的社会政治动态。在维护、（再）生产和管理Mathare水基础设施（包括人类和非人类）方面，不同参与者的影响力/权力、目标和利益水平是什么？它们是如何相互连接或断开的？目的三：了解居民用水状况。居民在获得优质水方面的经验是什么？目的IV：评价杂交对联合生产干预措施的影响。共同生产的干预措施如何利用混合治理配置来支持更公平、更少采掘性的服务提供？

Background An estimated 53 million people live in informal settlements in African cities (Tusting et al., 2019). As is the case in most of the global south, these sites are characterised by enduring post-colonial legacies of class segregation, inequality and multiple forms of neglect and deprivations, including inadequate access to utility services such as water and sanitation (Myers, 2011). Consequently, settlement residents are forced to rely on informal service providers. Access through these providers is, however, subject to prevailing settlement-level politics, which involves a hybridity of actors and institutions. The last decade has seen an increase in research and interventions centring co-production in urban governance (Mitlin & Bartlett, 2018). Nevertheless, our understanding of how hybrid governance arrangements shape co-production processes and outcomes - particularly concerning water accessibility and availability - remains remarkably limited. While researchers have extensively studied co-production in relation to citizen-state relations and social movements, literature is silent on how everyday politics may influence co-produced processes and outcomes. Furthermore, only a few studies recognise that co-produced urban services may reproduce unequal power relations in communities (Siame & Watson, 2022). Through a case study of Mathare, a rapidly transforming and densifying informal settlement, and using water services as a lens, the proposed research aims to address this gap by exploring the settlement's micro-politics and linking this analysis to co-produced water services and household access to water outcomes (accessibility and availability of quality water). This proposal builds on my research experience working with Ghetto Foundation, a community-based organisation in Mathare. My study will generate novel conceptual and practical insights relevant in the analysis, design, implementation and evaluation of future co-produced interventions in similar settings.Research QuestionsThe study's central research question is: How are hybrid governance configurations in Mathare formed, organised, and networked, and how do they shape the processes and outcomes of co-produced water services? I have split the central question into five sub-questions in line with the study's specific objectives as follows: Objective I: To analyse change over time1. How has Mathare's water provision changed since the water disconnections and protests of 2007/8 as the settlement has densified, while also undergoing increasingly diverse and fragmented water service providers?32. In what ways have hybrid governance configurations responded and adapted to water policies and programming over time?Objective II: To analyse socio-political dynamics between actors3. What are the levels of influence/power, goals, and interests of the different actors in the maintenance, (re)production and regulation of Mathare's water infrastructures (both human and non-human) and how are they connected to or disconnected from each other? Objective III: To understand residents' water outcomes4. What are residents' experiences in terms of accessibility and availability of quality water?Objective IV: To evaluate the impact of hybridity on co-produced interventions5. How can co-produced interventions leverage hybrid governance configurations to support more equitable and less extractive service provision?