Greenland Ice Sheet - Ocean Interactions: Using satellite data and AI to understand ice dynamic change

在过去的25年里，格陵兰和南极洲的冰盖使全球海平面自1990年的S以来上升了1.8%，与政府间气候变化专门委员会的气候变暖预测相符。在格陵兰岛，夏季冰盖的质量损失主要是表面融化的高速率，个别极端年份对总海平面贡献有重大影响。卫星观测表明，南极洲冰的消失主要是由西南极低洼的海洋区段的动态不平衡所主导的；自1940年的S以来，阿蒙森海区段的冰川变薄、加速，接地线后退。南极洲西部冰层的加速是由暖修改的环极深水的入侵融化浮冰所推动的，海洋温度的年际和长期变化与与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)相关的大气强迫有关。冰盖对全球海平面预算的贡献仍然是未来海平面上升预测的最大不确定性，部分原因是海洋冰盖不稳定(MISI)等积极反馈，以及最极端的情况只有在海洋冰崖不稳定(MICI)开始时才可能出现。为了更好地了解未来冰盖将如何变化，必须准确测量长期和正在出现的新的动态信号。该项目提供了一个在气候和空间科学的交界处开展工作的令人兴奋的机会，为研究气候变化的影响和影响的国际努力作出了重要贡献。在这个博士学位中，您将与卫星观测、极地海洋学和先进计算机技术方面的世界领先专家密切合作，以更好地了解格陵兰冰盖的冰动力学。通过Hogg博士的监督，您将使用卫星观测来测量冰速，然后测量格陵兰冰盖的物质平衡，量化过去30年来冰盖海平面的贡献。合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据来自包括ERS-1/2、TerraSAR-X和Sentinel-1在内的地球观测卫星，将使用强度特征跟踪和干涉测量来跟踪南极洲冰速的变化。为了更好地理解这种变化的物理机制，您的卫星观测将与使用海豹标签、系泊设备和自动水下航行器收集的海洋温度观测相结合。通过爱丁堡大学金博士的共同监督，你们将率先使用先进的计算机技术，如人工智能，来确定观察到的变化的重要性，并将冰流的变化与海洋温度测量相关联。

Over the last 25-years, Ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica have raised the global sea level by 1.8 cm since the 1990's, and are matching the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's worst-case climate warming scenarios. In Greenland, mass loss from the ice sheet is dominated by high rates of surface melt during the summer, with individual extreme years having a major impact on the total sea level contribution. Satellite observations have shown that ice loss from Antarctica is dominated by dynamic imbalance in the low-lying, marine-based sectors of West Antarctica; where glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Sector have thinned, accelerated, and grounding-lines have retreated since the 1940's. Ice speedup in West Antarctica is driven by incursions of warm modified Circum-polar Deep Water (mCDW) melting the floating ice, with the interannual and long-term variability of ocean temperatures linked to atmospheric forcing associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The ice sheet contribution to the global sea level budget remains the greatest uncertainty in future projections of sea level rise, driven in part by positive feedbacks such as the Marine Ice Sheet Instability (MISI), and with the most extreme scenarios only possible through the onset of Marine Ice Cliff Instability (MICI). Both long term and emerging new dynamic signals must be accurately measured in order to better understand how ice sheets will change in the future. This project offers an exciting opportunity to work at the interface of climate and space science, making an important contribution to international efforts to study the effects and impact of climate change. In this PhD, you will work closely with world-leading experts in satellite observations, Polar oceanography, and advanced computer techniques, to better understand the ice dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Through supervision by Dr Hogg, you will use satellite observations to measure ice speed and then the mass balance of the Greenland Ice sheet, quantifying the ice sheet sea level contribution over the last 30-years. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, from Earth observation satellites including ERS-1/2, TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1, will be used to track changes in ice speed In Antarctica, using intensity feature tracking and interferometry. Your satellite observations will be combined with observations of ocean temperature, collected using seal tags, moorings, and Automatic Underwater Vehicles, in order to better understand the physical mechanisms driving this change. Through co-supervision by Dr King at University of Edinburgh, you will pioneer the use of advanced computer techniques, such as Artificial Intelligence, to determine the significance of observed change, and to correlate changes in ice flow with ocean temperature measurements.