Impact of social media on risk communication before, during, and after the La Palma eruption (Canary Islands)

在过去十年中，个人通信技术的使用出现了前所未有的增长，包括社交媒体平台的使用(程等人，2022年)。导致公众对自然灾害的兴趣普遍增加，但对罕见和有影响的火山喷发特别感兴趣，特别是在社交媒体和媒体共享平台上。与传统媒体不同，社交媒体是一种双向交流工具，能够快速传递和传播关键信息(Graham，2024)，实现多源地理空间近乎实时的讨论，而且还允许直接从非官方来源(如普通公众和媒体来源)共享和收集材料。使用支持互联网的移动设备使普通公众能够广播火山喷发和相关火山影响的图像和/或视频，使人们能够通过自己的个人故事和评论来表达态度和知识(包括不正确的信息)和喷发的经历。Twitter等组织的发展促进了一个由独立记者组成的多代网络，他们可以近乎实时地评论和记录他们的想法，为在火山喷发/事件之前、期间和之后如何发展和演变对危险和风险的理解提供了宝贵的见解。迄今为止，对这种近乎实时的信息如何形成并纳入风险管理和规划、不同组织如何在活动期间最有效地利用这些信息以及错误信息带来的潜在威胁/挑战的分析有限(例如Sennert等人，2017年)。拉帕尔马位于加那利群岛的西北部，是群岛中最活跃的岛屿，经历了八次历史性的喷发。最近的2021年拉帕尔马火山喷发(冈萨雷斯，2022年)是该岛有记录以来最大的喷发事件，突显了基于个人和组织传播的丰富信息的媒体共享平台提供的机会(Wadsworth等人，2022年)。火山喷发还使人们能够恰当地反思在火山活动平静了约50年后，如何在这次事件中处理灾害风险沟通和管理，这导致公众意识下降，公众对火山灾害的认识和自我恢复能力较差。显然，社交媒体可以为成功的风险传播带来一系列机会，但它也带来了挑战；社交媒体上的传播是由官方和非官方来源的碎片化和非官方来源的快速和持续的新闻报道推动的，这导致错误信息和虚假信息的威胁更大；然而，在火山爆发之前、期间和之后进行有效的沟通可以减少潜在的影响。火山喷发固有的罕见性质提供了一个难得的机会，可以通过采用新的和新兴的技术和平台来反映和改进我们在风险沟通和减少风险方面的做法。该项目是定性和定量研究的完美结合，并开启了不同尺度上关于危险风险感知的沟通。参考文献：郑勇、王勇和孔，Y.2022。通过全球scholars:anupdatedassessment.PublicRelationsReview，48,102172，https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102172；González P.J.(2022年)的视角进行的社会中介危机传播研究的状态--坎布雷·维贾火山的构造控制，科学，第375,348-1349，https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn5148；Graham O.Thomas T.，Hicks A.，Edwards S.，Juman A.，Ramroop A.，Robertson R.(2024年)：事实、信仰和脸书：2020-21年间的科学交流，圣文森特火山喷发，伦敦，特别出版物，第539卷，https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-289；Sennert，S.K.，Klemetti，E.W.，伯德，D

There has been an unprecedented growth in the use of personal communication technologies in the last decade, including the use of social media platforms (Cheng et al., 2022). Leading to increased public interest in natural hazards generally, but with specific interests in rare and impactful volcanic eruptions, in particular on social media and media sharing platforms. Unlike traditional media, social media is a bi-directional communication tool that enables critical information to be rapidly transferred and disseminated (Graham, 2024), enabling multi-source geospatial near real-time discussions, but also for materials to be shared and collected direct from unofficial sources (e.g. general public and media sources). Use of internet- enabled mobile appliances has empowered the general public to broadcast images and/or videos of eruptions and associated volcanic impacts, enabling people to express attitudes and knowledge (including incorrect information) and experiences of eruptions through their own personal stories and commentaries. The growth of organisations such as Twitter, has facilitated a multigenerational network of independent reporters, who can comment and record their thoughts in near real-time, offering valuable insights into how understanding of hazard and risk can develop and evolve before, during and after an eruption/event. There has to date, been limited analysis (e.g. Sennert et al., 2017) of how such near real-time information can shape and be incorporated into risk management and planning, how it can be most effectively used by different organisations during events, and the potential threats/challenges from misinformation . La Palma, is situated to the northwest of the Canary Islands, being the most active island among the archipelago, having experienced eight historical eruptions. The recent 2021 eruption on La Palma (Gonzalez, 2022), the largest eruptive event in recorded history on the island, highlighted the opportunities offered by media sharing platforms based on the wealth of information disseminated by individuals and organisations (Wadsworth et al, 2022). The eruption also permits a pertinent reflection on how disaster risk communication and management was handled during the event, following a ~50-year period of quiescence in volcanic activity, which resulted in a reduction in public awareness, poor public perception and self-resilience to volcanic hazards. It is clear that social media can bring a range of opportunities for successful risk communication, but it also presents challenges; communication on social media is driven by a fast and continuous flow of fragmented and unconnected news reports by both official and unofficial sources leading to higher threats from misinformation and disinformation; however, effective communication before, during, and after an eruption can reduce the potential impacts. The inherent infrequent nature of volcanic eruptions offers a rare opportunity to reflect and improve our approaches to risk communication and reduction by incorporating new and emerging technologies and platforms. This project is a perfect combination of qualitative and quantitative research and opens up communication about hazard risk perception at different scales.ReferencesCheng, Y., Wang, Y. and Kong, Y. 2022. The state of social-mediated crisis communication research through the lens of global scholars:anupdatedassessment.PublicRelationsReview,48,102172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102172; González P.J. (2022) Volcano-tectonic control of Cumbre Vieja, Science, 375, 348-1349, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn5148; Graham O. Thomas T., Hicks A., Edwards S., Juman A., Ramroop A., Robertson R. (2024) Facts, faith and Facebook: science communication during the 2020 -21 La Soufrière, St Vincent volcanic eruption, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Vol 539, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-289; Sennert, S.S.K., Klemetti, E.W., Bird, D