Novel satellite and modelling studies to assess wildfire emission impacts on air quality and climate

近年来，我们已经习惯于听到世界各地关于大规模野火摧毁房屋，生态系统和降低空气质量的媒体报道（例如2019/2020年澳大利亚野火; Pope等人，（2021））。随着当前和未来气候和土地使用的变化，预计这些野火只会变得更加激烈和广泛。这些火灾除了排放烟雾和灰烬外，还排放大量空气污染物，如氮氧化物（NOx）、一氧化碳（CO）和气溶胶。这个项目的目的是解决知识差距的影响野火排放的主要和次要的空气污染物（如对流层臭氧（O3））和水库物种（运输空气污染物到原始地区的关键）及其后果的空气质量和气候Aims和Objectives：卫星记录的关键痕量气体，结合国家的最先进的化学气候模型，提供了令人兴奋的机会，研究野火排放对空气质量和气候的影响。我们的项目目标是：1）评估主要野火地区排放和大气成分的年际变化; 2）调查野火排放对下风向偏远地区二次污染物的影响; 3）量化野火排放对气候的影响（例如对辐射强迫的影响）。利用一系列遥感技术和光谱信息进行的大量卫星测量这些新技术（如紫外线、可见光和红外线波长）使我们能够监测一系列野火特性（如燃烧面积和火灾辐射功率）和关键空气污染物（如对流层柱或剖面）。在这里，我们建议使用美国宇航局/欧洲航天局（NASA/ESA）从臭氧监测仪器（OMI）中获得的二氧化氮（NO2）和甲醛（HCHO）的长期记录，以及英国国家地球观测中心（NCEO）生成的数据集，例如从迈克尔逊被动大气探测干涉仪（MIPAS）中获得的过氧乙酰硝酸盐（PAN）和CO英国的地球系统模型（UKESM）将地球系统的不同模型组件耦合在一起，（例如大气、海洋、陆地表面等）。UKESM的一个关键的新组件是INFERNO模型（特谢拉等人，2021），模拟火灾特性和污染物排放。在这里，我们将使用模型和卫星数据来探索不同污染物的相互作用及其二次形成。有针对性的模型敏感性实验可以帮助确定野火排放对空气质量的影响（例如，水库物种的远距离迁移促进背景区域的空气质量退化），大气化学平衡和气候。根据学生的兴趣，我们还可以评估模型对更复杂化学方案的敏感性（Archer-Nicholls等人，2021年）。参考文献：Archer-Nicholls等人，（2021），JAMES，doi：10.1029/2020 MS 002420; Pope等人，（2021），JGR：Atmospheres，doi：10.1029/2021 JD 034892;特谢拉et al.，（2021），GMD，doi：10.5194/gmd-2020-298.

Over recent years, we have become accustomed to hearing media stories around the world about large-scale wildfires destroying homes, ecosystems and degrading air quality (e.g. the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires; Pope et al., (2021)). With current and future climate and land-use change, it is expected that these wildfires will only become more intense and widespread. These fires, as well as emitting smoke and ash, emit large quantities of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosols. The aim of this project is to address the knowledge gap on the impact of wildfire emissions on primary and secondary air pollutants (e.g. tropospheric ozone (O3)) and reservoir species (key for transporting air pollutants to pristine regions) and their consequences for air quality and climate.Aims and Objectives:Satellite records of key trace gases, in combination with state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models, offer the exciting opportunity to study the impact of wildfire emissions on air quality and climate. Our project objectives are: 1) to assess the inter-annual variability of emissions and atmospheric composition over major wildfire regions; 2) to investigate the impact of wildfire emissions on secondary pollutants in downwind remote regions; and 3) to quantify the impact of wildfire emissions on climate (e.g. influence on radiative forcing).Methodology:A wealth of satellite measurements, using a range of remote sensing techniques and spectral information (e.g. UV, visible and IR wavelengths), enable us to monitor a suite of wildfire properties (e.g. burned area and fire radiative power) and key air pollutants (e.g. tropospheric columns or profiles). Here, we propose to use long-term NASA/ESA records of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and datasets generated by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and CO (and a swath of hydrocarbons) from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS).The UK's Earth System Model (UKESM) couples together different model components of the Earth system (e.g. the atmosphere, oceans, land surface etc). A key novel component of UKESM is the INFERNO model (Teixeira et al., 2021) which simulates fire properties and pollutant emissions. Here, we will use the model and satellite data to explore the interaction of different pollutants and their secondary formation. Targeted model sensitivity experiments can help determine the impact of wildfire emissions on air quality (e.g. long-range transport of reservoir species promoting a degradation of air quality in background regions), atmospheric chemical budgets and climate. Depending on the student's interest, we can also assess the model sensitivity to a more complex chemical scheme (Archer-Nicholls et al., 2021). References: Archer-Nicholls et al., (2021), JAMES, doi: 10.1029/2020MS002420; Pope et al., (2021), JGR: Atmospheres, doi: 10.1029/2021JD034892; Teixeira et al., (2021), GMD, doi: 10.5194/gmd-2020-298.