Quantifying impacts of extreme climatic events on bees and butterflies in Britain

这项博士研究将包含三个主要组成部分。首先，它将专注于模拟极端气候事件，包括异常高温和极端降雨/冰雹及其对英国蜜蜂和蝴蝶群落的影响。其次，该项目将探索由极端气候引起的潜在临界点，以及它们可能对蜜蜂和蝴蝶种群的多样性和分布、物候和生命周期产生的影响。根据初始阶段的结果，可能需要对昆虫的生理进行进一步调查。研究的最后一部分将模拟气候变化和土地利用对这些物种和群落的相互影响，并测试特定的土地利用/土地管理是否能帮助昆虫适应或减轻气候变化的影响。

This PhD research will contain three main components. Firstly, it will focus on modelling extreme climatic events, including abnormally high temperatures and extreme rainfall/hail and their impacts on bee and butterfly communities in Britain. Secondly, the project will explore the potential tipping points caused by climatic extremes and the impact they may have on both the bee and butterfly populations concerning their diversity and distribution, phenology and life cycle. Depending on the outcomes of the initial phase, further investigation into the insects' physiology may be required. The final section of the study will model the interactive impacts of changing climate and land use on these species and communities and test if particular land use / land management can help the insects adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing climate.