The Environment-Conflict Nexus: The Weaknesses of the Transitional Justice Regime and its Consequences for Conflict-Induced Environmental Harm

战争是人类引发的最终危机，对环境具有破坏性、广泛和长期的后果(Arias等人，2020年)。从散落在乌克兰田野和森林中的数以千计的未爆炸弹药，到刚果东部罕见的山地大猩猩被屠杀，以及叙利亚石油火灾留下的有毒遗产，武装冲突在受影响国家的景观和生物多样性上留下了永久的伤疤。气候变化也是加剧冲突的一个日益严重的因素，红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)确定，在被认为最容易受到气候变化影响的25个国家中，有14个国家深陷冲突(红十字委员会，2020年)。冲突时期与环境损害之间的关系是多层面和复杂的，可分为四个关系陈述：第一，环境可能是冲突的原因。虽然经常与其他社会、经济和政治动态相互作用(Schwartz和SIGH，1999)，但对高价值开采资源的竞争可能会引发新的冲突或使先前存在的冲突重新焕发活力(Verdeja，2012)。第二，环境是维持和维持冲突的手段，自然资源在资助武装冲突方面发挥了作用(Gómez-Betancur，2020)。第三，在冲突期间，环境可能成为附带损害的受害者，或者交战各方可能为了实现其目标而故意破坏环境。最后，环境危害是持久和平的障碍，它通过移除潜在的合作平台和耗尽可用于社会重建的资源来阻碍冲突后的恢复(UNEP，2007)。尽管有这些联系，过渡司法中对环境-冲突的关系一直没有得到充分的探索和理论性(Clark，2016；Klinsky和Brankovich，2019年)。事实上，过渡司法学术中盛行的人类中心主义意味着环境危害没有得到解决(埃文斯，2022)。这尤其成问题，因为过渡司法是一个由如何应对分裂社会中的大规模暴力行为的问题所界定的领域。然而，如果不正确认识和应对环境危害，这种危害的受害者就会被蒙在鼓里。

War is the ultimate human-induced crisis that has devastating widespread and long-term consequences for the environment (Arias, et al., 2020). From the thousands of unexploded munitions that litter the fields and forests of Ukraine, to the slaughter of rare mountain gorillas in Eastern Congo and the toxic legacy of oil fires in Syria, armed conflict leaves a permanent scar on the landscape and biodiversity of affected states. Climate change is also a growing factor in exacerbating conflict, with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) identifying that of the 25 countries deemed most vulnerable to climate change, 14 are mired in conflict (ICRC, 2020).The relationship between periods of conflict and environmental harm is multidimensional and complex, and can be broken down into four relational statements:First, the environment may be a cause of conflict. While often interacting with other social, economic and political dynamics (Schwartz and Sigh, 1999), competition over high-value extractive resources can initiate new conflicts or revitalise pre-existing conflicts (Verdeja, 2012). Second, the environment is a means to perpetuate and sustain conflict, with natural resources playing a role in financing armed conflict (Gómez-Betancur, 2020). Third, the environment may fall victim to collateral damage during the course of a conflict, or warring parties may intentionally destroy it to further their objectives. Finally, environmental harm is a barrier to lasting peace, hindering post-conflict recovery by removing potential platforms for cooperation and depleting the resources available for social reconstruction (UNEP, 2007).Despite these links, the environment-conflict nexus has been under-explored and under-theorised within transitional justice (Clark, 2016; Klinsky and Brankovich, 2019). Indeed, the prevalent anthropocentrism of transitional justice scholarship has meant that environmental harms are left unaddressed (Evans, 2022). This is particularly problematic given that transitional justice is a field defined by questions of how to respond to mass violence in divided societies. Yet, without properly acknowledging and responding to environmental harm, victims of such harm are left in the dark.