Food for Feed: Valorisation of Agro Industry by- Products in Animal Feed

1.研究背景：全球认识到迫切需要解决现代农业系统的环境影响和加强粮食/饲料安全。地球面临的一个紧迫挑战是为人类生产的食物和为动物提供的饲料之间的竞争。在欧盟，《废物框架指令》2008/98/EC提出了以下废物管理等级：预防、再利用处理、回收、能源回收和处置。该项目将通过对与北爱尔兰当地工业相关的农工业副产品进行定价来应对这些挑战，并将重点放在苹果渣、蒸馏副产品(威士忌生产)和蘑菇垃圾堆肥上，因为数据很少。苹果渣是植物化学物质(碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质)的丰富来源。蘑菇垃圾堆肥具有较高的菌丝体含量，可能通过提高抗氧化能力来改善动物健康。酿酒厂生产的副产品由于其高蛋白/纤维含量而受到普遍青睐，并被发现对动物生产性能和甲烷排放有积极影响。这些副产品可能已经用于动物饲料，然而，关于它们的营养价值和保存方法还需要更准确的信息。2.研究目标：评估不同农工业副产品的营养价值，并评估它们在1)提高奶牛的氮素利用效率；2)改善牛奶质量和b)减少甲烷排放3方面的潜力。研究方法：3.1。评估不同副产品的营养价值。将收集样本并分析其化学成分(即抗氧化剂、维生素)及其生物活性化合物的特征和生物活性。3.2.体外评价它们对瘤胃发酵的影响。使用ANKOM气体生产系统对样品进行筛选。测量包括：产气量/成分和发酵最终产物。3.3.优化青贮工艺。选择的副产品将在试验仓中青贮，添加或不添加添加剂，或与其他常规动物饲料联合使用。将对青贮饲料的质量进行评定。最有效的青贮方法将被用来为动物试验准备青贮料。了解它们在奶牛日粮中对采食量、产奶量、养分消化率、能量和氮利用效率以及甲烷排放的影响。揭示瘤胃微生物如何影响与氮利用效率和牛奶品质相关的代谢途径。这项研究包括，牛奶成分分析，牛奶的脂肪酸组成。通过制定改进的生命周期评估(LCA)，评估在反刍动物日粮中增加副产品使用量的总体环境后果。

1. Research background: there is a global recognition of the imperative need to address environmental impacts of contemporary agricultural systems and enhance food/ feed security. An urgent challenge facing the planet is the competition between the food produced for humans and the feed for animals. In EU the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC proposed the following waste management hierarchy: prevention, processing for reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. This project will response in these challenges with the valorisation of agro industrial by-products associated with the local industry in N. Ireland, and focus on apple pomace, distillery by-products (whisky production) and mushroom waste compost, as few data exist. Apple pomace is a rich source of nutrients phytochemicals, (carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals). Mushroom waste compost has high mycelium content may improve animal health by increasing antioxidant capacity. Distillery production by-products are generally favoured due to their high protein/fibre content and found to have positive effects on the animal performance and methane emissions. These by-products may already being used in animal feed, however, more accurate information is needed on their nutritional value and conservation methods. 2. The goals of the research: evaluate the nutritive value of different agro industrial by-products and assess their potential to 1) improve nitrogen use efficiency in dairy cows; 2) improve milk quality and b) reduce methane emissions3. Research Methodology:3.1. Evaluate the nutritive value of different by-products.Samples will be collected and analysed for chemical composition (i.e. antioxidants, vitamins) and profiling and biological activity of their bioactive compounds. 3.2. Assess in vitro their effect in rumen fermentation. Samples be screened using the ANKOM Gas Production System. Measurements include: gas production/composition and fermentation end products. 3.3. Optimize the ensiling process. The selected by-products will be ensiled in experimental silos with or without additives or associated with other conventional animal feeds. Silage quality will be evaluated. The most efficient ensiling method will be used to prepare silage for the animal trials3.4. Access their inclusion effect in the diet of dairy cattle on feed intake, milk production, nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilization efficiency and methane emissions.3.5. Reveal how rumen microbes influence metabolic pathways related to N use efficiency and milk quality.This study includes, milk composition analysis, fatty acid profiling of the milk.3.6. Assess the overall environmental consequences of increasing the use of co-products in diets of ruminants by developing an improved life cycle assessment (LCA).