Latin law and the pre-existing populations of the Latin East, 1099-1291

这个项目试图回答的主要研究问题是：在多大程度上，拉丁法律的文本中对黎凡特群体的处理和再现挑战了现代对拉丁东部种族隔离、敌意和剥削的解释？这种对拉丁人和他们的黎凡特臣民之间的跨文化关系的新分析旨在挑战对中世纪过去的误解及其对今天黎凡特跨文化冲突的影响。拉丁基督徒在第一次十字军东征期间和之后在黎凡特建立了四个政体（1095-1099）.十九世纪欧洲历史学家受当代殖民态度的影响，拉丁人与他们异质的黎凡特臣民的关系是互利的（Rey，1866;Madelin，1918）。相反，世纪中期的历史学家，与同时代的以色列/巴勒斯坦冲突进行比较，将其描述为压迫，剥削和“种族隔离”（Smail，1956; Prawer，1980）。这种对中世纪过去的看法在今天的以色列、巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯民众思想中具有影响力，导致了冲突，就像最近在阿克萨清真寺发生的那样;同样，西方极端主义团体盗用十字军东征的历史来促进民族主义、白色至上和伊斯兰恐惧症（MacDonald，2023; Esteve-Del瓦尔，2022; Roche，2021）。东方主义和殖民主义，加上持续的地区冲突，因此鼓励了对历史跨文化关系的强大的，7 /24简化解释的扩散，这进一步推动了冲突（Young，2021; Ellenblum，1998）。考虑到持续的紧张局势，从新的来源和方法中更深入地了解西方定居者和现有黎凡特人口之间的跨文化关系的起源，需要补充当代的工作，寻求挑战thosemisrepresenting过去。这个跨学科的研究重新评估中世纪的跨-文化关系，通过分析的待遇和代表性的黎凡特人口在拉丁美洲东部的大型幸存语料库的法律文本。在传统的西方和以精英为中心的十字军编年史中，黎凡特人通常被忽视或诋毁，但规范与黎凡特群体日常互动的法律的文本却被忽视了（Jotischky，2009; Mayer，1978）。他们的研究，使用创新的方法来法律的历史（批判法律的历史和比较法律的历史）提供了一个跨文化关系的背景化观点，挑战了以前研究的粗略解释（Ibbetson，2013;Sugarman，2018）。一个案例研究的文章启发了邀请论文在爱尔兰研究理事会的新方法会议（2022年），并导致在出版物在诺丁汉中世纪研究（2023年）。进一步的论文已提交给十字军东征和拉丁东方研究学会（SSCLE）会议（2021）;北方十字军东征研究网络（NNSC）研讨会（2022）;和南大的法律，人权和宗教闪点会议，2022。第1章将在2023年利兹国际中世纪大会上发表。积极的反馈表明，该项目已经启发了其他学者利用新的资源和跨学科的方法。基督教，穆斯林和犹太教信仰团体以及与黎凡特有关的文化遗产将对研究结果感兴趣。初步调查结果已通过南大宗教与冲突研究中心（CSRC）的博客和Twitter发布给更广泛的受众。进一步的影响将通过开发学习资源，举办档案展览，播客和研讨会来实现。

The main research question this project seeks to answer is: to what extent does the treatment andrepresentation of Levantine groups in Latin legal texts challenge modern interpretations of segregation,hostility, and exploitation in the Latin East? This new analysis of cross-cultural relationships between theLatins and their Levantine subjects is intended to challenge misconceptions of the medieval past andtheir impact on cross-cultural conflict in the Levant today.Latin Christians founded four polities in the Levant during and after the First Crusade (1095-1099).Nineteenth century European historians, influenced by contemporary colonial attitudes, presented theLatins' relationships with their heterogeneous Levantine subjects as mutually beneficial (Rey, 1866;Madelin, 1918). Conversely, mid-twentieth century historians, drawing parallels with contemporaryIsraeli/Palestinian conflicts, presented them as oppressive, exploitative and marred by 'apartheid' (Smail,1956; Prawer, 1980). Such perceptions of the medieval past are influential in popular Israeli, Palestinianand Arab thought today, leading to conflict, as recently occurred at the Al-Asqa Mosque; likewise Westernextremist groups misappropriate Crusades history to promote nationalism, white supremacy andIslamophobia (MacDonald, 2023; Esteve-Del Val, 2022; Roche, 2021). Orientalism and Colonialism,combined with ongoing regional conflict, have therefore encouraged a proliferation of powerful,7 / 24simplified interpretations of historical cross-cultural relationships which drive further conflict (Young,2021; Ellenblum, 1998). Given continued tensions, a deeper understanding of the origins of cross-culturalrelationships between Western settlers and existing Levantine populations, drawn from novel sourcesand methodologies, is required to complement contemporary work seeking to challenge thosemisrepresenting the past.This interdisciplinary study reappraises medieval cross-cultural relationships through an analysis of thetreatment and representation of Levantine populations in the Latin East's large surviving corpus of legaltexts. Levantine populations were generally ignored or vilified in traditional Western and elite-focussedCrusades chronicles, yet legal texts regulating everyday interactions with Levantine groups have beenneglected (Jotischky, 2009; Mayer, 1978). Their study, using innovative approaches to legal history(Critical Legal History and Comparative Legal History) offers a contextualised view of cross-culturalrelationships which challenges broad-brush interpretations of previous studies (Ibbetson, 2013;Sugarman, 2018).This project commenced part-time at NTU in January 2021. A case-study article inspired an invited paperat the Irish Research Council's New Approaches Conference (2022) and resulted in a publication inNottingham Medieval Studies (2023). Further papers have been presented at the Society for the Study ofthe Crusades and the Latin East (SSCLE) conference (2021); Northern Network for the Study of theCrusades (NNSC) workshop (2022); and NTU's Law, Human Rights and Religion Flashpoints Conference,2022. Chapter 1 will be presented at Leeds International Medieval Congress, 2023. Positive feedbacksuggests this project has already inspired other scholars' utilisation of novel sources and interdisciplinarymethodologies.Findings will be of interest to Christian, Muslim and Jewish faith groups and those with cultural heritageconnected to the Levant. Preliminary findings have been published for wider audiences through NTU'sCentre for the Study of Religion and Conflict (CSRC)'s blog, and Twitter. Further impact will be achievedby developing learning resources, hosting archive exhibitions, podcasts, and workshops.