Ramesside High Temperature Industries: the production of glass, Egyptian blue and bronze in Late Bronze Age Egypt

铜是青铜时代晚期（公元前1500年至公元前1000年）最重要的金属，埃及作为当时的超级大国之一，对这种商品及其制品有着相当大的需求。在Qantir-Piramesses，我们有独特的证据证明一个复杂的工业区，其中四个主要工业相互作用，所有这些工业都以铜作为关键原材料的共同使用而相互关联。建立了大型青铜铸造装置，生产寺庙门、军事装备和其他日常用品；这里有多套熔炉，每台熔炉一次能容纳大约20个一升坩埚，以方便铸造大型物体。另一个行业专门生产玻璃铸锭，用氧化铜染成红色，但在其他方面都是按照最初从美索不达米亚进口的玻璃制造传统操作的。第三个产业生产埃及蓝，这是一种用于绘画的人造颜料，也是制造容器和小型物品的原材料，它含有大约20%的氧化铜，需要先进的铜化学技术才能生产。第四个密切相关的行业集中在陶器的生产上。由Hildesheim的Pelizaeus博物馆（1980年至2002年）在Qantir进行的挖掘出土了大量的物证，如车间废料、半成品材料和用于制造和塑造这三种材料的技术容器。在过去的12年里，这些不同的材料被确定并分配到各自的工业和冶金化学过程中，但在结果发表之前仍需要进一步的工作。在这个项目中，计划完成前两个，青铜铸造和玻璃制作的文档，分析和出版。为此，计划在埃及和伦敦花几个月的时间集中研究这些组合，以完成科学分析、解释和过程重建。由此产生的卷和专业期刊文章不仅将展示来自Qantir的直接证据，而且将其与埃及和中东其他地方的这些技术的现有证据联系起来，并对埃及青铜时代晚期这两个高温工业中使用的技术和组织技能进行全面评估。

Copper was the most important metal in the Late Bronze Age (c 1500 to 1000 BC), and Egypt as one of the superpowers of the time had a considerable demand for this commodity, and products made from it.At Qantir-Piramesses we have unique evidence for a complex industrial estate where four major industries were interacting, all related to each other by the common use of copper as the key raw material. Large-scale bronze casting installations were set up to produce temple doors, military equipment and other objects of daily use; there are multiple sets of melting furnaces which held about 20 one-liter crucibles each at a time, to facilitate casting large objects. Another industry had specialized on the production of glass ingots, coloured red by copper oxide but otherwise operating within the tradition of glass-making originally imported from Mesopotamia. The third industry produced Egyptian blue, an artificial pigment for paintings and raw material for the production of vessels and small objects, which comprises about twenty percent copper oxide and requires advanced skills in the chemistry of copper to produce. The fourth closely connected industry focused on the production of faience. The excavations at Qantir by the Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim (1980 to 2002) have unearthed a vast amount of material evidence such as workshop waste, semi-finished materials and technical vessels used in the making and shaping of these three materials. Over the last twelve years, these different materials were identified and allocated to their respective industries and metallurgical-chemical processes, but further work is still necessary before the results can be published. In this project, the plan is to complete documentation, analysis and publication of the first two, bronze casting and glass making.For this, it is planned to spend several months of concentrated work on the assemblage, both in Egypt and in London, to complete the scientific analysis, interpretation and process reconstruction. The resulting volumes and specialist journal articles will not only present the direct evidence from Qantir, but relate it to the existing evidence for these technologies from elsewhere in Egypt and the Middle East and provide a comprehensive assessment of technical and organizational skills used in these two high temperature industries in the Egyptian Late Bronze Age.