Auxilia externa: the use of non-Italian manpower under the Roman Republic

在公元前264年至公元前49年期间，罗马共和国将其帝国扩展到意大利半岛以外，包括地中海世界的大部分地区。到这一时期结束时，罗马已经建立了一个省级政府系统，并持续了几个世纪。然而，罗马不仅征服而且随后控制这片领土的手段，最终是建立常规的地理省份，以及在扩张时期省级政府制度的演变方式，在许多方面仍然不清楚。这种扩张的一个方面是，罗马在军事上利用它所征服的土地上的人力，这一点从来没有得到全面的研究。人们一直认为，罗马使用意大利半岛的人力是罗马帝国主义的一个显著而独特的特征，这有助于将意大利人民纳入罗马国家。本研究将证明这种方法实际上在意大利以外的地方被采用的程度。这一做法的广泛但分散的证据存在于这一时期的文学和金石资料中。尽管过去对这种做法进行了有限的地方研究，但从未对这种证据进行过全面调查。在整个共和帝国中，这种使用当地人力的现象的存在开辟了几个进一步的重要研究领域。首先，罗马实际上建立和维持行省的方式一直是学者们争论的话题。行省成为正规机构的速度很慢，罗马公民军队也不太适合维持常备驻军。在这一过程中，当地人力的使用从未被认真考虑过，这项研究将改变我们对罗马省级政府的理解。第二，在罗马军队和罗马对行省领土的控制中，当地人力的整合将为罗马和地中海不同地区之间的文化互动提供一个明确的渠道。在罗马帝国内，它也将在政治上发挥明显的作用，为罗马帝国结构中的非意大利人提供了积极的作用。在两个方面，这项研究对我们理解罗马帝国也很重要。罗马帝国军队中的辅助部队已被广泛研究，它们在军事和文化上的重要性已被清楚地证明。然而，罗马人使用助动词的起源并没有得到正确的理解，这项研究将把我们的知识放在一个新的立足点上。其次，罗马文化的传播（通常被称为“罗马化”的标签）在奥古斯都时代非常明显，但罗马文化的可见指标在共和时期的最后阶段（与共和帝国的早期相比）迅速传播的原因仍然需要充分解释。通过揭示前一时期当地人力的使用程度，我们将更清楚地了解奥古斯都在地中海不同地区的“罗马化”的基础之一。

In the period between 264 and 49 BC the Roman Republic extended its empire beyond the Italian peninsula to embrace most of the Mediterranean world. By the end of this period Rome had established a system of provincial government which was to endure for centuries. However, the means by which Rome not only conquered but subsequently controlled that territory, ultimately by the establishment of regular geographical provinces, and the way in which the system of provincial government evolved in the period of expansion remains unclear in many regards. One aspect of this expansion which has never been comprehensively studied is the military use made by Rome of the manpower available in the lands which it conquered. It has always been recognised that Rome's use of the manpower of the Italian peninsula was a remarkable and distinctive feature of Roman imperialism, which contributed to the incorporation of the Italic peoples into the Roman state. This study will demonstrate the extent to which this approach was in fact employed beyond Italy.Extensive but scattered evidence for this practice exists in both the literary and epigraphic sources from the period. A complete survey of this evidence has never been undertaken, although limited local studies of the practice have been made in the past. A demonstration of the existence of such use of local manpower across the Republican empire opens up several further important areas of research. In the first place, the way in which Rome actually established and maintained the provinces has long been a subject of debate among scholars. Provinces were slow to become a regular institution, and the Roman citizen army was not well suited to the maintenance of standing garrisons. The use of local manpower has never previously been seriously considered as an element in this process and this study will change our understanding of Roman provincial government. In the second place, the incorporation of local manpower both within the Roman army and within the Roman control of provincial territory will have provided a clear conduit for cultural interaction between Rome and the different regions of the Mediterranean. It will also have exercised a clear role in the political incorporation of subject peoples within the Roman empire, offering a positive role for non-Italians within the Roman imperial structures.In two respects, this study will also be important for our understanding of the Roman Empire. The auxiliary elements of the army of the Roman Empire have been very extensively studied, and their importance both militarily and culturally has been clearly demonstrated. However, the origins of the Roman use of auxiliaries are not properly understood, and this study will place our knowledge of this on a new footing. Secondly, the spread of Roman culture (often referred to by the label of 'Romanisation') is very obvious in the age of Augustus, but the reasons for the rapid spread of visible indicators of Roman culture at the very end of the Republican period (in contrast to the earlier period of Republican empire) still need to be fully explained. By revealing the extent of the use of local manpower in the preceding period we shall have a much clearer idea of one of the foundations for the Augustan 'Romanisation' across the different regions of the Mediterranean.