Characterisation of triclosan resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

消毒剂通常用于对表面和材料进行消毒，这些表面和材料可能存在细菌污染的风险，并为人类提供了感染的途径。近年来，大量国产产品被作为抗菌剂上市，其中许多产品含有三氯生，三氯生是一种对多种细菌具有广泛活性的抗菌化合物。三氯生通常存在于洗手液、洗涤液、牙膏和化妆品等中。它还可以浸渍到砧板和其他表面，因为它可以并入塑料中。在美国，家庭使用三氯生已经变得如此普遍，以至于可以在环境中的溪流和河流中检测到三氯生。虽然三氯生能有效杀灭细菌，但仍有可能选择对三氯生有抗药性的细菌菌株。细菌中的许多抗生素耐药机制也会使其对包括消毒剂在内的其他化合物产生耐药性。外排泵是一种蛋白质，它将包括抗生素和消毒剂在内的有毒分子泵出细胞，使细胞产生抵抗力。沙门氏菌是人类疾病的主要原因，2004年在英国有超过12,500例肠炎病例是由沙门氏菌引起的。人类的大多数沙门氏菌感染与食用家禽产品(即鸡肉和鸡蛋)有关。我们的初步工作表明，沙门氏菌暴露于三氯生后很容易产生三氯生耐药性，但耐药性的类型有所不同。在实验室中，不同的沙门氏菌株对三氯生产生了三种不同程度的抗药性。这是一个新的观察结果。该项目建议确定沙门氏菌中与三氯生耐药性有关的基因和蛋白质，并评估不受限制地使用三氯生是否可能导致选择抗生素耐药性作为副产品。我建议研究三种不同类型的三氯生抗性的每一种类型的例子，并确定每种表型涉及哪些基因。我还建议确定三氯生耐药性菌株是否比它们的父母更能产生抗生素耐药性，并确定从动物和人类分离的各种沙门氏菌中三氯生耐药性的流行率是多少。

Disinfectants are routinely used to sterilize surfaces and materials which may be at risk of bacterial contamination and provide a route by which humans can become infected. Recently a large number of domestic products have been marketed as antimicrobial and many contain triclosan which is an antimicrobial compound with a wide range of activity against many bacteria. Triclosan is commonly found in handwashes, washing up liquids, toothpaste and cosmetics amongst others. It is also impregnated into chopping boards and other surfaces as it can be incorporated into plastics. In the USA domestic triclosan use has become so common it can be detected in streams and rivers in the environment. Although triclosan kills bacteria effectively it is possible to select bacterial strains which are resistant to triclosan. Many of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria can also give resistance to other compounds including disinfectants. Efflux pumps are proteins that pump toxic molecules including antibiotics and disinfectants out of the cell making the cell resistant. Salmonella is a major cause of human disease and were responsible for over 12,500 cases of enteritis in the U.K in 2004. Most salmonella infections in humans are associated with consumption of poultry products (i.e. chicken and eggs). Our preliminary work has demonstrated that triclosan resistance can be easily generated in salmonella after exposure to triclosan but that the type of resistance differs. Three different levels of resistance to triclosan have been produced from various strains of salmonella in the laboratory. This is a new observation. This project proposes to determine the genes and proteins involved in triclosan resistance in salmonella and to evaluate whether unrestricted use of triclosan is likely to result in selection of antibiotic resistance as a byproduct. I propose to study examples of each of the three different types of triclosan resistance and determine what genes are involved in each phenotype. I also propose to determine whether the triclosan resistant strains are more or less able to become antibiotic resistant than their parents and determine what the prevalence of triclosan resistance is amongst a large collection of various salmonella isolated from animals and humans.