Developmental Influences on Adolescent Smoking Patterns

以家庭为基础的预防青少年吸烟的计划收效甚微，可能是因为它们一直是 实验青年很可能是一个在行为上不同的群体。 区分那些升级的年轻人和那些没有升级的年轻人可能比那些 区分从不吸烟者和吸烟者。这项研究的目的是调查如何发展 青少年吸烟的背景通过以下方式影响成为经常吸烟者的风险：(A)衡量关系进程 使用观察法研究父母和青年之间的差异，(B)检查青年中的个体差异 将问题行为作为区分规范实验(可能是暂时的)和慢性实验的手段 无处不在的问题行为(可能持续并升级)，以及(C)检查家庭背景和 年轻人的行为。特别地，我们(1)考察了高质量的家庭通信过程是否缓冲 试验年轻人不会成为经常吸烟的人，(2)测试父母养育方式和 青少年问题行为，以及(3)研究积极的家庭背景是否会缓冲青少年免受 抑郁和危险的同伴网络对平滑升级的影响。样本将由1400名青年组成，其中 开始吸烟时的过度抽样。基于问卷的青少年吸烟、育儿实践和 青少年的问题行为和抑郁症状会在36个月内出现6次。400人的次样本 实验青年还将参加一项关于家庭关系过程的密集分研究。基于家庭的 在基线和24个月之间，将进行两次观察和讨论。在这项子研究中，我们 将测试父母开放的沟通方式和青少年对家庭讨论的接受度 吸烟降低吸烟升级的风险，并检查家庭的质量和内容 关于吸烟的沟通在预测事态升级方面相互作用。在完整的示例中，我们将对 (A)父母对青少年问题行为状况的调节；(B)测试缓冲eft_cts 时代积极的家庭背景作为青年抑郁症状和危险的同龄人背景的功能，对于青年而言 吸烟连续体的水平。将使用多层次的技术。辨别个体差异 吸烟对青少年的家庭影响将为有针对性的预防和戒烟努力提供重要信息。

Family-based programs to prevent youth smoking have had limited success, perhaps because they have been "one size fits all." Experimenting youth are likely to be a behaviorally heterogeneous group. As a result, factors that distinguish youth who escalate from those who don't are likely to be more subtle and complex than those distinguishing never-smokers from smokers. The goal of this study is to investigate how the developmental context of youth smoking affects the risk of becoming a regular smoker by: (a) measuring relationship processes between parents and youth using observational methodology, (b) examining individual differences in youth problem behavior as a means of distinguishing normative experimentation (likely to be transient) from chronic and pervasive problem behavior (likely to persist and escalate), and (c) examining the interaction of family context and youth behavior. In particular, we (1) examine whether high quality family communication processes buffer experimenting youth against becoming regular smokers, (2) test the joint influence of parenting practices and youth problem behavior, and (3) examine whether a positive family context buffers youth against the effects of depression and risky peer networks on smoMng escalation. The sample will be comprised of 1400 youth, with over-sampling for smoking initiation. Questionnaire-based assessment of youth smoking, parenting practices and youth problem behavior and depressive symptoms will occur 6 times over 36 months. A sub-sample of 400 experimenting youth will also participate in an intensive sub-study of family relationship processes. Home-based observations of thmily discussions will be conducted twice between baseline and 24 months. In this sub-study, we will test whether parental open communication style and adolescent receptivity to family discussions about smoking reduce the risk of smoking escalation, and examine whether quality and content of family communications about smoking interact in predicting escalation. In the full sample, we will model the effects of (a) parental regulation of behavior as a function of youth problem behavior status and (b) test the buffering eft_cts era positive family context as a function of youth depressive symptoms and risky peer context, for youth at all levels of the smoking uptake continuum. Multi-level techniques will be used. Identifying individual differences in family influences on youth smoking will importantly inform targeted prevention and cessation efforts.