A Novel Control Systems Architecture for Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles

为了满足日益严格的环境法规的要求，国际汽车工业正试图在汽车技术水平上做出一个台阶，市场上引入混合动力汽车（hev）和拟议引入燃料电池汽车（FCVs）。然而，全球汽车市场的特点是竞争非常激烈，制造商必须不断推出新产品，同时减少开发时间和成本。因此，这些技术的长期可行性将在很大程度上取决于汽车行业设计、整合和测试不同动力总成概念的能力，其成本和时间范围与传统汽车相当。为了确定最具成本效益和创新的动力总成架构，制造商正在同时研究不同的车辆概念。这些包括并联和串联混合动力配置，其中内燃机和电机集成到车辆的动力系统中。近年来，人们对燃料电池单独运行或与二次储能介质（如高压电池或超级电容器）结合使用的燃料电池汽车给予了相当大的关注。不管车辆的确切配置如何，这样的动力系统可以被认为包含通用的子系统，这些子系统要么可以提供能量，要么可以吸收能量，或者既可以吸收能量又可以提供能量。这种观点转化为一些通用的车辆控制目标；需要通过结合再生制动和车载能量管理来最大限度地减少车辆的净能耗，并且需要在动力系统中集成和管理可能的多个原动机。为了达到期望的车辆改进、驾驶性能和燃油消耗水平，通常需要分层控制方案。对复杂能源管理和监控功能的需求，加上此类车辆对线控技术的固有依赖，将进一步增加未来混合动力和燃料电池汽车的软件和控制系统内容。汽车行业的传统模式是汽车制造商将完整系统的开发外包给供应商。然后，汽车制造商充当系统集成商，将从不同供应商接收的子系统组合在一起。OEM必须通过耗时、昂贵且资源密集的测试和车辆校准计划，确保满足所需的产品质量和安全水平。减少开发时间、成本和风险的一种方法是能够在不同的车辆平台和衍生产品之间轻松交换控制和软件功能。这项研究计划的主要目的是为混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车设计一种新颖、通用的控制架构，以支持不同动力总成概念的轻松集成和评估。除了为系统集成提供灵活的开发环境外，新的控制体系结构还将解决对汽车行业至关重要的可靠性、鲁棒性和安全性等基本问题。汽车研究领域最近的一个主要技术发展是基于服务和面向对象的控制体系结构的研究。拟议的新控制和系统集成架构的设计和验证将被用作展示如何基于面向对象原则的系统设计过程的基础，以超越通常与许多FCV和HEV研究计划相关的当前原型控制架构，推动最先进的技术。

In order to satisfy the requirements of increasingly stringent environmental legislation, the international automotive industry is attempting to make a step-change in the level of vehicle technology with the market introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the proposed introduction of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, the global automotive market is characterised by very high levels of competition in which manufacturers must continually introduce new products while concurrently reducing development time and costs. As a result, the long term viability of these technologies will be largely dependent on the ability of the automotive industry to design, integrate and test the different powertrain concepts at a cost and within a time frame that is comparable to that associated with conventional vehicles. In order to ascertain the most cost-effective and innovative powertrain architecture manufacturers are concurrently investigating different vehicle concepts. These include both parallel and series hybrid electric configurations in which an internal combustion engine and electrical machine are integrated into the vehicles powertrain. In more recent years, considerable attention has been given to FCVs in which the fuel cell either operates in isolation or is combined with a secondary energy storage medium such as a high voltage battery or ultracapacitor.Irrespective of the exact configuration of the vehicle, such powertrains can be thought to contain generic subsystems that can either source energy, sink energy or both sink and source energy. This view translates to a number of generic vehicle control objectives; the need to minimise the vehicles net energy consumption through a combination of regenerative braking and on-board energy management and the need for integration and management of, potentially, multiple prime-movers within the powertrain. Hierarchical control schemes are often required in order to achieve the desired levels of vehicle refinement, driveability and fuel consumption.The need for complex energy management and supervisory control functions, coupled with such vehicles inherent dependency on by-wire technology will further increase the software and control system content of future hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. The traditional model within the automotive industry is for the vehicle manufacturer to outsource the development of a complete system to a supplier. The vehicle manufacturer then acts as the systems integrator, combining the subsystems that are received from the different suppliers. The OEM must ensure that the required levels of product quality and safety are met through a time-consuming, expensive and resource intensive programme of testing and vehicle calibration. One means of reducing the development time, costs and therefore risk, would be the ability to easily interchange control and software functions between the different vehicle platforms and derivatives.The primary aim of this research proposal is the design of a novel, generic, control architecture for HEVs and FCVs that supports the easy integration and evaluation of different powertrain concepts. In addition to providing a flexible development environment for systems integration, the new control architecture will also address the fundamental issues of reliability, robustness and safety that are of critical importance to the automotive industry. A major recent technological development within the automotive research domain is the study of service/based and object oriented control architectures. The design and validation of the proposed new control and systems integration architecture will be used as the basis for demonstrating how a systematic design process, based on the principles of object orientation, can be employed to progress the state-of-the-art beyond the current prototype control architectures that are often associated with many FCV and HEV research programmes.