HIV/AIDS and Orphan Care

描述（由申请人提供）： 艾滋病使全世界1 500多万18岁以下儿童成为孤儿。到2010年，估计将有2500万儿童因艾滋病成为孤儿，占撒哈拉以南非洲所有儿童的6%。南亚和东南亚区域的艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者人数位居第二。据估计，仅印度就有510万成年人感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病。迫切需要了解各种因素对不同文化和文化内部的孤儿产生积极影响。迄今为止，关于孤儿安置影响的研究仅限于：孤儿院与社区安置的比较;小样本;跨文化数据;以及单一国家研究。这样的研究限制了因果推理的能力，过度简化了生活事件和当前生活特征的重要性，并且没有考虑到文化效应介导的安置结果，从而限制了对其他文化的普遍性。这项为期4年的纵向研究的重点是检查生活事件，孤儿安置特征，照顾者特征和文化特征对孤儿的影响：1）行为和情绪适应; 2）认知适应; 3）健康状况。研究人员将对2,500名儿童及其照顾者进行调查，并在艾滋病毒流行导致儿童孤儿率最高的国家进行背景分析：柬埔寨，埃塞俄比亚，印度，肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚，研究人员在这些国家进行了试点研究。这些国家之所以被选中，是因为它们的文化多样性，也因为它们有很高比例的艾滋病孤儿。将每6个月对生活在社区和机构中的基线年龄为6-10岁的儿童进行一次调查，为期3年。护理人员和机构特征将每年进行调查，为期3年。这项研究的核心是一个人类学的定性组成部分，这将有助于在第一年的赠款形成问题，并将在以后形成的背景下，我们将分析数据。后者将包括详细的开放式调查，每个国家有20名儿童和5名成人焦点小组，在第一年使用扎根理论，然后进行以下更有条理的调查：至少7份同行评审的手稿，1本书和一份主要政策文件将来自这项研究。这些文件将为政策制定者、方案制定者和研究人员提供咨询意见，说明在计划照顾孤儿时需要考虑的家庭和文化特点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): AIDS worldwide has orphaned more than 15 million children under the age of 18. By 2010 an estimated 25 million children will be orphaned due to AIDS or 6% of all children in Sub-Saharan Africa. The South and Southeast Asian region has the second largest numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS. India alone has and estimated 5.1 million adults living with HIV/AIDS. The need to understand factors influencing positive outcomes for orphans across and within cultures is pressing. To date, studies concerning the effects of the placement of orphans have been limited to: comparisons of orphanage versus community placement; small sample sizes; cross-cultural data; and single country studies. Such studies limit the ability to make causal inferences, overly simplify the importance of life events and current living characteristics, and do not account for cultural effects mediating placement outcomes, thereby limiting generalizability to other cultures. The focus of this 4-year longitudinal study is to examine the influence of life events, orphan placement characteristics, caregiver characteristics, and cultural characteristics on orphan: 1) behavioral and emotional adjustment; 2) cognitive adjustment; and 3) health status. 2,500 children and their caregivers will be surveyed and a contextual analysis performed in countries where the HIV epidemic has left some of the largest rates of children orphaned: Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and Tanzania, where a pilot study has been conducted by the researchers. The countries were chosen for their cultural diversity and because they have high proportions of children orphaned by AIDS. Children, ages 6-10 inclusive at baseline, who live in communities and institutions will be surveyed every 6 months for 3 years. Caregiver and institutional characteristics will be surveyed every year for 3 years. Central to the study is an anthropological qualitative component that will both help form questions in the first year of the grant and will later form the context from which we will analyze the data. The later will include detailed open-ended surveys with 20 children and 5 adult focus groups from each country, using grounded theory during the first year, followed by more structured surveys in the following: a minimum of 7 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 1 book, and a major policy document will result from this study. These documents will advise policy makers, programmers, and researchers on the caregiving and cultural characteristics that need consideration when planning for the care of orphaned children.