Sensory-Motor Control of the Binocular Near Response

描述（由申请人提供）：双眼近距离反应的感觉-运动控制是一项基础研究，研究随着年龄增长（老花眼）发生的反射幅度的逐渐降低以及它如何影响聚焦反应和双眼对准（近距离反应）的协调。初期老视开始于儿童时期，随着调节幅度随年龄线性下降而发展，直到生命的第四个十年结束，此时几乎所有眼睛都无法通过改变眼睛的光焦度来调节。虽然在过去的世纪的研究集中在生物力学特性的结构组件的调节和年龄相关的生物力学变化，在这些结构中，导致老花眼，在知识的进步如何调节神经控制这些变化一直非常有限。该建议研究了通过适应调节和会聚的神经控制来优化近端响应，以响应作为老视自然进展基础的调节植物的年龄相关生物力学变化。该建议提出了（1）适应调节以保持年轻的晶状体动态以响应晶状体透镜的粘弹性性质的年龄相关变化的能力，（2）适应动态调节和会聚对它们的动态交叉耦合相互作用的影响，（3）调节和会聚之间的静态交叉耦合相互作用对年龄的适应-眼透镜的相关生物力学变化，（4）对两个眼透镜的潜在不相等老化的一致调节的校准，和（5）适应能力随年龄的下降。结果将被解释与模型的动态特性的调节和他们的相互作用与收敛，以了解适应如何可以扩展线性操作范围的近端响应随着年龄的增长。这些实验的结果将提供有关适应机制的基础知识，这些适应机制补偿了随着年龄的增长而下降的调节，以及调节和会聚之间的相互作用，这些相互作用影响双眼对准的准确性。此外，从实验中开发的模型可以促进新治疗方法的成功设计和实施，例如旨在抵消老花眼的可调节眼内透镜。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Sensory-Motor Control of the Binocular Near Response is a basic study of the progressive reduction of accommodative amplitude that occurs with age (presbyopia) and how it influences the coordination of focusing responses and binocular eye alignment (the near response). Incipient presbyopia begins in childhood and progresses as the amplitude of accommodation declines linearly with age until the end of the fourth decade of life when virtually all eyes become unable to accommodate by changing optical power of the eyes. While research during the past century has concentrated on the biomechanical properties of the structural components of accommodation and on the age-related biomechanical changes in these structures that lead to presbyopia, advances in knowledge of how neural control of accommodation adjusts to these changes has been very limited. This proposal investigates the optimization of the near response by adapting neural control of accommodation and convergence in response to age-related biomechanical changes of the accommodation plant that underlie the natural progression of presbyopia. The proposal addresses (1) the ability to adapt accommodation to preserve youthful accommodative dynamics in response to age-related changes in visco-elastic properties of the crystalline lens, (2) the influence of adapting dynamic accommodation and convergence on their dynamic cross-coupled interactions, (3) adaptation of the static cross-coupled interactions between accommodation and convergence in response to age-related biomechanical changes of the ocular lens, (4) calibration of consensual accommodation to potential unequal aging of the two ocular lenses, and (5) decline of adaptation ability with age. Results will be interpreted with models of the dynamic properties of accommodation and their interactions with convergence, in order to understand how adaptation could extend the linear operating range of the near response with age. Results of these experiments will provide fundamental knowledge about the adaptive mechanisms that compensate for the decline of accommodation with age, and interactions between accommodation and convergence that influence the accuracy of binocular eye alignment. In addition, models developed from the experiments can facilitate the successful design and implementation of new treatments, such as accommodating intra-ocular lenses, designed to offset presbyopia.