Maternal Substance Use and Toddler Self-Regulation

描述（由申请方提供）：这是可卡因和非可卡因暴露婴儿反应性和调节发育轨迹的多方法纵向研究的竞争性延续。最初的应用程序集中在1，7，13和24个月大的婴儿和幼儿的反应和调节使用行为和自主措施。在竞争性的补充，我们开始了36个月和48个月的随访，以检查发展的自我调节和自主调节条件下的轻度压力。我们还在18、30、42和54个月大时进行了简短的家访，以保持联系并收集有关母亲持续使用药物和儿童行为报告的数据。本研究的具体目的如下：1）完成对36个月和48个月时可卡因暴露和非可卡因暴露儿童的持续母亲物质使用、中介变量和自我调节的评估; 2）在进入幼儿园后开始并完成对该样本的关键预测因素的评估（母亲使用可卡因和其他药物），（父母教养、婴儿风险特征、养育环境）和结果变量（自我管理和社会能力）;（3）探讨母亲物质使用与自我调节和社会能力发展之间的关系是否受母亲养育行为的中介，研究可卡因暴露儿童和非可卡因暴露儿童的调节结果和社会能力异质性的原因。最后的样本包括220个出生时招募的母婴对（可卡因组120个，对照组100个）。数据分析的重点是检查自我调节的发展轨迹，作为产前暴露于可卡因和其他物质，胎儿和新生儿的风险特征，养育，和养育环境的质量的函数。本研究假设幼儿期自我调节能力的发展轨迹可以预测幼儿园儿童的自我调节能力和社会能力。本研究利用发展心理病理学的角度来研究交易对发展的影响和多种途径的风险和物质暴露的婴儿之间的弹性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This is a competing continuation of a multi-method longitudinal study of developmental trajectories of reactivity and regulation among cocaine and non-cocaine exposed infants. The original application focused on reactivity and regulation of infants and toddlers at 1, 7, 13, and 24 months of age using both behavioral and autonomic measures. In a competitive supplement, we initiated a 36 and 48 month follow-up to examine the development of self-regulation and autonomic regulation under conditions of mild stress. We also initiated brief home visits at 18, 30, 42, and 54 months of age in order to maintain contact and collect data on continued maternal substance use and reports of children's behavior. The specific aims of this application are as follows: 1) To complete assessments of ongoing maternal substance use, mediator variables, and self-regulation among cocaine-exposed and non-cocaine-exposed children at 36 and 48 months; 2) To initiate and complete assessments of this sample upon entry into kindergarten on key predictor (maternal cocaine and other substance use), mediating (parenting, infant risk characteristics, caregiving environment), and outcome variables (self-regulation and social competence); 3) To examine if the relationship between maternal substance use and the development of self-regulation and social competence is mediated by maternal parenting behavior, the caregiving environment, or infant risk characteristics; 4) To examine reasons for heterogeneity in regulatory outcomes and social competence among cocaine-exposed and non- cocaine-exposed children. The final sample consists of 220 mother-infant dyads (120 in the cocaine group and 100 in the control group) recruited at birth. Data analyses focuses on examining developmental trajectories of self-regulation as a function of prenatal exposure to cocaine and other substances, fetal and neonatal infant risk characteristics, parenting, and the quality of the caregiving environment. It is hypothesized that developmental trajectories of self-regulation from the toddler/preschool period will predict self-regulation and social competence in kindergarten. This study utilizes a developmental psychopathology perspective to examine transactional influences on development and multiple pathways to risk and resilience among substance exposed infants.