PRENATAL COCAINE AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL FACTORS UNDERLYING MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTION

可卡因的使用与虐待和忽视儿童的风险增加有关。Johns等人对大鼠的研究 al. (1)研究表明，怀孕期间接触可卡因会降低母亲的行为， 攻击，与催产素（OT）活性降低有关的影响，催产素是一种已知可增强母体 行为和结合。Light等人（2）表明，产前接触可卡因的母亲倾向于持有 根据生理和自我报告，他们的孩子在家的次数较少， 措施，并显示较低的OT水平之前和之后的婴儿抱比母亲没有物质 exposure.因此，我们假设：1。母亲OT活性降低，母亲压力增加， 负面的影响，以及更少和更差的母婴互动是产前检查的后果。 可卡因; 2.除了可卡因对母亲的影响外，这些结果可能与 婴儿的信号（哭声，社会交往中的行为）。本次调查将审查这些 通过研究产后1个月的180对母婴，包括 75例产前接触可卡因，30例产前接触可卡因以外的药物，75例未接触 二分体婴儿将接受MRI检查，以评估大脑结构的成熟程度。他们的哭声的声学分析 将进行可能影响母体反应的特征。母亲们将接受24小时的 家庭监测他们的情绪，压力和婴儿抱的频率，使用日记数据记录4次， 小时以及动态血压（BP）和心率（HR）。母体血浆OT、加压素 (VP)还将评估催乳素、应激激素和情绪评级，沿着血压和心率变异性， 在设计用于引起母体生物行为反应的多个实验室事件期间：1.母婴面对面 互动（录像用于母亲触摸，共同调节/相互性和情感质量的盲法评级）; 2.短暂（8分钟）母婴分离，然后团聚; 3.言语应激源; 4.听评 磁带记录的婴儿哭声，在频率和时间特征上各不相同; 5.查看婴儿的照片 安全和快乐与不快乐或危险的环境。母亲的积极和消极的影响，这些评级 事件将被检查并与生理反应相关。在试点可行性部分，母亲和 还将获得婴儿唾液和尿液测量值（OT、VP、α-淀粉酶和皮质醇）。这 这项研究将深入了解产前接触可卡因对母婴质量的影响。 关系和神经行为途径影响母亲的压力，影响和行为， 可能会对母亲和孩子的健康和福祉产生深远的影响。

Use of cocaine has been linked to increased risk of child abuse and neglect. Research in rats by Johns et al. (1) has shown that cocaine exposure during pregnancy decreases maternal behavior while enhancing aggression, effects linked to decreased activity of oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide known to enhance maternal behavior and bonding. Light et al. (2) showed that mothers with prenatal exposure to cocaine tend to hold their babies less often at home, have greater stress and negative affect based on physiological and selfreport measures, and show lower OT levels before and after baby holding than mothers with no substance exposure. Thus, we hypothesize that: 1. decreased maternal OT activity, greater maternal stress and negative affect, and fewer and poorer quality mother-infant interactions are consequences of prenatal cocaine; 2. in addition to cocaine's effects on the mother, these outcomes may be related to differences in the infant's signals (cries, behavior during social interaction). The present investigation will examine these translational neurobehavioral patterns by studying 180 mother-infant dyads at 1 month postpartum, including 75 with prenatal cocaine exposure, 30 with prenatal drug exposure other than cocaine, and 75 non-exposed dyads. Infants will undergo MRI to assess maturation of brain structures. Acoustice analysis of their cry characteristics which might influence maternal response will be performed. Mothers will undergo 24-hour home monitoring of their mood, stress, and frequency of baby holding using diary data recorded 4 times per hour together with ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Maternal plasma OT, vasopressin (VP), prolactin, stress hormones and mood ratings, along with BP and HR variability, will also be assessed during multiple lab events designed to elicit maternal biobehavioral responses: 1. mother-infant face-to-face interaction (videotaped for blinded ratings of maternal touch, co-regulation /mutuality, and emotional quality); 2. brief (8 min) mother-infant separation followed by reunion; 3. a speech stressor; 4. listening to and rating tape-recorded infant cries that vary in frequency and temporal characteristics; 5. viewing photos of babies in safe and happy vs. unhappy or dangerous contexts. Maternal ratings of positive and negative affect to these events will be examined and related to physiological responses. In a pilot feasibility component, mother and infant salivary and urinary measures (OT, VP, alpha-amylase and cortisol) will also be obtained. This research will provide insights into the effect of prenatal exposure to cocaine on the quality of the motherinfant relationship and neurobehavioral pathways influencing maternal stress, affect and behavior, which may have profound implications for the health and well-being of both mother and child.