Examining the volcanism-extinction link: an end-Guadalupian case study

火山活动能导致物种灭绝吗？我们不知道这个问题的答案，但来自岩石的证据提供了一些有趣的线索。因此，人们已经认识到，过去3亿年里所有的灭绝事件都与主要的火山爆发相吻合。这些喷发包括巨大的玄武岩流，其中包括100或1000立方公里的熔岩，这些熔岩悄悄地从地面渗出，加上一些更为猛烈的喷发，将火山灰分散到很远的地方。事实证明，要找出哪一种喷发方式在时间上与物种灭绝最密切相关是非常困难的，因为化石证据通常是在远离火山活动发生的地方发现的。这个项目将通过研究2.6亿年前火山与灭绝联系的一个独特例子来解决这个问题，当时熔岩和灰烬不断喷发到今天中国的浅海中。在这些海洋中形成的石灰岩中含有丰富的化石和灾难性灭绝的证据。通过研究这些中国岩石，将有可能首次在同一地点直接研究火山活动和灭绝的故事。这项工作将辅以对石灰石中碳和硫同位素的研究，这将使科学家们能够确定在这段时间内海洋状态的变化。

Is volcanism capable of causing species to go extinct? We don't know the answer to this question but evidence from rocks provides some intriguing clues. Thus, it has been recognised that all the extinction events of the past 300 million years coincide with major volcanic eruptions. These eruptions consisted of huge flows of basalt, involving 100s or 1000s of cubic kilometres of lava, that quietly oozed from the ground, plus some much more violent eruptions that scattered volcanic ash over great distances. Working out which of these styles of eruption are most closely associated, in time, with the extinctions has proved very difficult because the fossil evidence is usually found far away from where the volcanism occurred. This project will address this problem by studying a unique example of the volcanism-extinction link from 260 million years ago when lavas and ashes were repeatedly erupted into shallow seas in present-day China. The limestones that formed in these seas contain abundant fossils and evidence of a catastrophic extinction. By studying these Chinese rocks it will be possible, for the first time, to study directly both the volcanism and extinction story in the same place. The work will be supplemented with studies of carbon and sulphur isotopes from the limestones which will allow the scientists to determine changes in the state of the oceans during this interval.