A New Approach to Correct Verification Bias Using Auxiliary Information

描述（申请人提供）：新的诊断测试开发迅速，现有的诊断测试在引入实践后通常会迅速改进。不幸的是，对测试统计特性的不准确和有偏见的评估，通常是设计不良或分析不良的研究的结果，导致其过早传播，并导致医生使用不可靠的测试来做出关键的治疗决定。也许最常见的原因是诊断测试的错误评估是验证偏差。当患者疾病状态的验证取决于拟议测试的结果或与疾病状态相关的某些患者特征时，会发生验证偏倚。校正验证偏倚的统计方法尚未开发且很少使用，本申请提出了一种新的统计策略，用于解决验证偏倚，该策略可推广且非统计学家可访问（使用适当的软件包）。即使只有低风险阴性筛查患者的一个选择子集可以进行侵入性或昂贵的疾病验证，所提出的方法仍然会产生一个有效的（和成本效益）的策略，用于评估所考虑的诊断测试的统计特性。具体地，本申请解决了以下四个问题。(Aim 1：）开发一种新的双重稳健估计的灵敏度，特异性，阳性和阴性预测值，可用于验证偏差的存在。估计器在实际估计是正确的（即，如果真实疾病状态的模型或验证状态的模型（但不一定两者都是正确的），则在中等规模的样本中，(Aim 2：）将目标1中开发的方法扩展到产生连续或有序结果的测试和生物标志物，其中接收器操作特征曲线下的面积用于测量诊断准确性。(Aim 3：）我们“逆转”了我们的方法，在存在验证偏倚的情况下，从患者的特征和诊断中开发一个预测疾病状态的模型。(Aim 4.开发并免费分发一个可评估的软件包，为统计学家和临床研究人员实施这些方法。最后，这项拟议研究的临床意义是广泛的，因为大部分医学本质上是诊断性的。这些方法有很大的潜力，以改善诊断测试的统计评估，这反过来又会产生显着提高我们的医生作出准确诊断的能力。 公共卫生相关性：疾病筛查测试依赖于普遍接受的措施，代表每个测试的“金标准”，以诊断真正的疾病状态。然而，金标准测试可能过于昂贵或过于侵入性，无法考虑对研究中的每个受试者实施。当疾病状态的验证取决于筛查试验的结果时，可能会出现验证偏倚。本申请提出开发新的双重稳健估计，以评估存在验证偏差的筛选测试的准确性和效率。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): New diagnostic tests are developed quickly, and existing diagnostic tests are often rapidly improved after being introduced into practice. Unfortunately, inaccurate and biased evaluations of a test's statistical properties, often the result of a poorly designed or poorly analyzed study, leads to their premature dissemination and to physicians using unreliable tests to make critical treatment decisions. Perhaps the most common cause for the misevaluation of diagnostic tests is verification bias. Verification bias occurs when the verification of a patient's disease status depends on the result of the proposed test or certain patient characteristics associated with disease status. Statistical methods that correct for verification bias are underdeveloped and seldom used, and this application proposes a novel statistical strategy for addressing verification bias that is generalizable and accessible to non- statisticians (with appropriate software package). Even when only a select subset of low-risk negative-screening patients can undergo invasive or costly disease verification, the proposed method will still yield a valid (and cost-efficient) strategy for evaluating the statistical properties of the diagnostic test under consideration. Specifically, this application addresses the following four problems. (Aim 1:) The development of a novel doubly robust estimator for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values that can be used in the presence of verification bias. The estimators are doubly robust in the sense that the actual estimate is correct (i.e., consistent) in moderately large samples if either the model for true disease status or the model for verification status (but not necessarily both) is correct. (Aim 2:) To extend the methods developed in Aim 1 to tests and biomarkers that yield continuous or ordinal outcomes and where the area under a receiver operator characteristic curve is used to measure diagnostic accuracy. (Aim 3:) We 'reverse' our approach to develop a model for predicting disease status, from patient's characteristic and diagnosis, in the presence of verification bias.(Aim 4:) To develop and freely distribute an assessable a software package that will implement these methods for statisticians and clinical researchers alike. Finally, the clinical implications of this proposed research are wide-ranging as much of medicine is diagnostic in nature. These methods have great potential to improve the statistical evaluation of diagnostic tests, which will in turn yield significant improvement in the ability of our physicians to make accurate diagnoses. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Screening tests for disease rely on commonly accepted measures that represent each test's "gold standard" to diagnose true disease status. The gold standard test may, however, be too expensive or too invasive to consider implementing for every subject in a study. Verification bias may arise when the verification of the disease status depends on the result of the screening test. This application proposes to develop novel doubly robust estimators to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the screening tests in the presence of verification bias.