Standardization of Methods to Measure Waterpipie Smoke Emissions and Exposure

描述(由申请人提供)：水烟斗(WP)吸烟在世界上许多地方都很流行，并在美国迅速流行起来，特别是在大学生中。据估计，全世界每天有超过1亿吸烟者吸食可湿性粉剂。古老的传说和流行的信仰都认为，可湿性粉剂吸烟的危害小于吸烟，因为可湿性粉剂据称是用来过滤尼古丁和有毒物质的。此外，还有一些配件在市场上声称危害较小。WP被公开宣传为一种潜在的减少暴露的产品(PREP)。然而，针对可湿性粉尘吸烟和烟雾排放的研究很少，没有公认的测试可湿性粉剂吸烟行为或烟雾排放的标准，也没有标准的可湿性粉剂配置用于此类测试，也几乎没有对人类暴露于可湿性粉剂烟雾的定量评估。这项研究的具体目的是确定人类可湿性粉剂吸烟地形的变异性、可湿性粉剂操作参数如何影响可湿性粉剂烟雾的化学和物理特性、可湿性粉剂操作参数的变化如何影响人体吸烟地形以及广告中用于减少危害的可湿性粉剂配件是否会导致急性暴露的较低水平的生物标志物。这些目标将通过一系列实验来实现，在这些实验中，系统地改变可湿性粉剂的工作成分，并测量烟雾排放的吸烟地形和选定的(致癌)颗粒结合的半挥发性有机和气相有机成分(SVOCs和VOCs)。还将评估颗粒大小分布随可湿性粉剂构型变化的变化。这些步骤将为后续测试建立一个“标准”的可湿性粉剂配置。最后，另一组经验丰富的可湿性粉剂吸烟者将按随机顺序吸烟标准可湿性粉剂配置、带有木炭过滤器的标准配置和标准配置加气泡扩散器。将测量急性暴露的生物标志物，包括血浆尼古丁和呼出的空气CO Boost，吸烟时VOCs的实时分析，以及颗粒尺寸分布，并在三种可湿性粉剂配置中进行比较。与公共健康相关：这项工作具有公共健康影响，因为(1)可湿性粉剂吸烟涉及两种不同的化学物质(燃烧木炭和加热烟草)，可能对人体病理有独特的贡献；(2)尽管公开宣传可湿性粉剂是一种降低烟草使用风险的方法，但对人类接触可湿性粉剂及其对健康的影响知之甚少；以及(3)这项研究将为更广泛的科学家群体建立用于可湿性粉剂吸烟测试的方法和材料。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoking is well-established in may parts of the world and is rapidly gaining in popularity in the United States, especially among college students. It is estimated that more than 100 million smokers smoke WP daily around the world. Both ancient lore and popular belief posit that WP smoking is less hazardous than smoking cigarettes, with the water purported to filter nicotine and toxicants. In addition, there are accessories that are being marketed with claims of reduced harm. WP is overtly advertised as a potentially reduced exposure product (PREP). Yet research addressing WP smoking and exposure to smoke emissions is scant, there are no acknowledged standards for testing WP smoking behavior or smoke emissions, there is no standard WP configuration to use for such testing, and there have been few quantitative assessments of human exposure to WP smoke. The specific aims of this research are to determine the variability in human WP smoking topography, how WP operating parameters impact the chemical and physical properties of WP smoke, how variation in WP operating parameters affect human smoking topography, and if WP accessories advertised to reduce harm result in lower levels of biomarkers of acute exposure. These aims will be accomplished by a series of experiments in which operating components of WP are systematically changed and smoking topography and select (carcinogenic) particle-bound semi-volatile organic and vapor phase organic constituents (SVOCs and VOCs) of smoke emissions are measured. Variation in particle size distribution with changes in WP configuration will also be assessed. These steps will result in establishing a "standard" WP configuration for subsequent testing. Finally, another sample of experienced WP smokers will smoke the standardized WP configuration, the standardized configuration with a charcoal filter, and the standardized configuration plus a bubble diffuser in random order. Biomarkers of acute exposure will be measured, including plasma nicotine and expired air CO boost, real time analysis of VOCs while smoking, and particle size distribution, and compared across the three WP configurations. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This work has public health implications in that (1) WP smoking involves two different chemistries (the burning of charcoal and heating of tobacco) possibly contributing uniquely to human pathology; (2) so little is known about human exposure to, and the health consequences of, WP smoking even though it is overtly advertised as a reduced risk method of tobacco use; and, (3) the study will establish methods and materials for the broader community of scientists to use in tests of WP smoking.