Standardization of Methods to Measure Waterpipie Smoke Emissions and Exposure

项目摘要 水烟筒（WP）吸烟在世界上许多地方都很流行， 在美国，尤其是在大学生中。据估计， 吸烟者每天在世界各地吸烟WP。古老的传说和流行的信仰都认为， 水比吸烟更危险，据说水可以过滤尼古丁和有毒物质。此外还有 是正在销售的声称减少伤害的配件。WP被公开宣传为一个潜在的 减少暴露产品（PREP）。然而，针对可湿性粉剂吸烟和暴露于烟雾排放的研究， 很少，没有公认的标准来测试WP吸烟行为或烟雾排放，没有 标准WP配置用于此类测试，并且很少有定量评估 人体暴露于WP烟雾。 这项研究的具体目的是确定人类WP吸烟地形的变异性， WP操作参数如何影响WP烟雾的化学和物理性质，WP 操作参数影响人体吸烟地形，如果WP配件广告，以减少伤害 导致急性暴露的生物标志物水平较低。这些目标将通过一系列 系统地改变WP的操作成分和吸烟地形的实验， 选择（致癌）颗粒结合的半挥发性有机和气相有机成分（SVOC和 挥发性有机化合物）的烟雾排放量进行了测量。粒度分布随WP变化的变化 还将评估配置。这些步骤将导致建立一个“标准”的WP配置， 后续测试。最后，另一个有经验的可湿性粉剂吸烟者的样本将吸烟标准化的可湿性粉剂 配置，具有活性炭过滤器的标准化配置，以及标准化配置加 随机排列的气泡扩散器。将测量急性暴露的生物标志物，包括血浆尼古丁 和呼出的空气CO增加，吸烟时VOC的真实的时间分析，以及粒度分布，以及 在三种WP配置中进行比较。

Project Summary Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoking is well-established in may parts of the world and is rapidly gaining in popularity in the United States, especially among college students. It is estimated that more than 100 million smokers smoke WP daily around the world. Both ancient lore and popular belief posit that WP smoking is less hazardous than smoking cigarettes, with the water purported to filter nicotine and toxicants. In addition, there are accessories that are being marketed with claims of reduced harm. WP is overtly advertised as a potentially reduced exposure product (PREP). Yet research addressing WP smoking and exposure to smoke emissions is scant, there are no acknowledged standards for testing WP smoking behavior or smoke emissions, there is no standard WP configuration to use for such testing, and there have been few quantitative assessments of human exposure to WP smoke. The specific aims of this research are to determine the variability in human WP smoking topography, how WP operating parameters impact the chemical and physical properties of WP smoke, how variation in WP operating parameters affect human smoking topography, and if WP accessories advertised to reduce harm result in lower levels of biomarkers of acute exposure. These aims will be accomplished by a series of experiments in which operating components of WP are systematically changed and smoking topography and select (carcinogenic) particle-bound semi-volatile organic and vapor phase organic constituents (SVOCs and VOCs) of smoke emissions are measured. Variation in particle size distribution with changes in WP configuration will also be assessed. These steps will result in establishing a "standard" WP configuration for subsequent testing. Finally, another sample of experienced WP smokers will smoke the standardized WP configuration, the standardized configuration with a charcoal filter, and the standardized configuration plus a bubble diffuser in random order. Biomarkers of acute exposure will be measured, including plasma nicotine and expired air CO boost, real time analysis of VOCs while smoking, and particle size distribution, and compared across the three WP configurations.