Neural Correlates of Negative Reinforcement in Adolescence & Substance Use Risk

描述（由申请人提供）：此K 01应用程序寻求支持必不可少的我作为一个独立的跨学科科学家的发展。我正在建立一个关于自我调节的生物心理社会研究计划;特别是影响减少和负强化（NR），因为它们与青少年物质使用的发展有关。我采用了行为、电生理和激素测定（皮质醇）来研究冒险行为。然而，为了充分理解回避和负强化过程，以及它们在成瘾行为风险中的作用，我必须加深对以下四个核心领域的理解并拓宽我的技术技能：（a）发展神经成像;（B）认知神经科学;（c）物质使用研究;（d）统计方法。这个指导科学家发展奖将为我提供培训，以走向独立的研究生涯。虽然青春期是一个发展时期，风险承担行为增加，减少影响的动机增加，但我们对负强化过程的神经相关性如何与减少影响的动机和物质使用行为相关知之甚少。我解决这些差距，在我们的知识与三个具体的目标，在两个横截面的功能磁共振成像研究。我建议用两种类型的厌恶刺激（例如，避免激励损失和避免厌恶声音）。第一项研究（n=48）将描述儿童（8-11岁）负强化过程和行为背后的神经回路，青少年（13-17岁），成人（23-29岁）第二项研究将在一个高风险样本（14-18岁，n=70）。 公共卫生相关性：至少，这项工作将解决有关青少年发展的知识基础和青少年负强化的神经相关性方面的重要差距。利用一个高风险的样本，这项工作研究了神经相关的负强化，因为它们涉及到高风险的行为，包括物质使用。除了提供基本知识，这项工作也可能有更长远的公共卫生影响，为青少年在物质使用的风险，特别是那些青少年转向物质使用或其他危险行为，以科普厌恶的负面影响，制定更有效和有针对性的干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This K01 application seeks support essential to my development as an independent interdisciplinary scientist. I am building a program of biopsychosocial research on self-regulation; particularly affect reduction and negative reinforcement (NR) as they relate to the development of substance use in adolescence. I have employed behavioral, electrophysiological, and hormonal assays (cortisol) to study risk-taking behavior. However, to fully understand avoidance and negative reinforcement processes, and their role in the risk for addictive behavior, I must deepen my understanding and broaden my technical skills in four core areas (a) developmental neuroimaging; (b) cognitive neuroscience; (c) substance use research; (d) statistical methods. This mentored scientist development award will provide me with the training to move onto an independent research career. While adolescence is a developmental period with increased risk-taking behavior and increased affect reduction motivation, we know relatively little about how the neural correlates of negative reinforcement processes relate to affect reduction motives and substance use behaviors. I address these gaps in our knowledge with three specific aims across two cross-sectional fMRI studies. I propose to study the neural and behavioral correlates of negative reinforcement for avoidance with two types of aversive stimulation (e.g., avoidance of incentive loss and avoidance of aversive sound) across two fMRI-friendly behavioral paradigms. The first study (n=48) will characterize the neural circuitry underlying negative reinforcement processes and behavior among children (8-11 yrs.), adolescents (13-17 yrs.), and adults (23-29 yrs.) The second study will examine the negative reinforcement-related neural correlates of affect reduction motives (negative affect, anxiety sensitivity) and substance use behaviors in a high-risk sample (14-18 yrs., n=70). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: At a minimum, this work will address important gaps in the knowledge base regarding adolescent development and the neural correlates of negative reinforcement in adolescence. Drawing on a high-risk sample, this work examines the neural correlates of negative reinforcement as they relate to high-risk behaviors including substance use. In addition to providing basic knowledge, this work also may have more long-range public health implications for the development of more effective and targeted interventions for adolescents at risk for substance use; particularly, those adolescents who turn to substance use or other risky behaviors to cope with aversive negative affect.