Daily Experiences of School Bullying and Cyberbullying: Effects on Latino Youth

描述(由申请人提供)：校园欺凌(例如，辱骂、身体威胁)是一种与适应不良的心理健康和学业成绩相关的重大社会和健康问题(例如，Juvonen，Graham，&Schuster，2003；Juvonen，Wang，&Espinoza，2011)。随着青少年越来越多地使用电子通信工具，欺凌事件不再局限于学校校园，而是在网上(即通过电子通信)、在放学前和放学后变得越来越普遍。校园欺凌和网络欺凌都是青少年日常生活中相当大的压力来源，因此，这些事件是一个重大的公共卫生问题。由于在线交流使用的迅速增加和网络欺凌发生率的不断上升，研究网络欺凌与校园欺凌可能(或可能不)的不同方式非常重要。两项研究将考察城市拉美裔青少年的日常校园欺凌和网络欺凌经历。现有的关于网络欺凌的研究主要集中在白人青年身上，因此，对少数民族青年中的网络欺凌知之甚少。然而，尤其是拉美裔和白人青少年之间的互联网使用差距已经显著缩小，拉美裔现在更有可能通过无线上网(Livingston，Parker，&Fox，2009)。此外，鉴于拉美裔青少年出现精神健康问题的风险较高，例如抑郁和在学校表现不佳(例如，Joiner等人，2001年，Kohler&Lazarin，2007年)，了解这些负面的同伴经历是否会增加他们精神健康和学校问题的风险，这一点很重要。这项拟议的研究将依赖于日常日记方法，这些方法在校园欺凌研究中很少使用，在网络欺凌研究中仍未使用。日常方法论被描述为一种有用的工具，用于“捕捉生活中的生活”(Bolger，Davis，&Rafaeli，2003)，并允许检查个人层面和日常层面的联系。这两项研究将专门测试校园欺凌和网络欺凌经历是否与心理健康问题和学校适应能力受损有关。此外，鉴于人们对网络欺凌知之甚少，本研究旨在确定可能的调解和调节机制，并将更深入地探讨网络欺凌可能特别严重的具体情况。设计了一项研究培训计划，其中包括课程作业(例如，高级多层次建模、心理健康差异、伦理研究行为)、出席研讨会和科学会议(例如，美国公共卫生协会)、与我的联合发起人举行的个性化会议，他们是欺凌研究和日常日记方法方面的领先专家，以及参加量化培训计划等独特机会。这一培训方案将确保成功和及时地执行拟议研究的目标。 与公共健康相关：欺凌事件是青少年在学校和网络上面临的一个日益严重的问题。校园欺凌和网络欺凌(即发生的欺凌 通过电子通信工具)经历是青少年日常生活中相当大的压力来源，因此，这些事件是一个重大的公共卫生问题。这项拟议的研究将扩展过去的研究，考察日常遭受校园欺凌和网络欺凌的经历与拉美裔青少年的心理健康和学校适应之间的关系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): School bullying (e.g., name calling, physical threats) is a significant social and health concern associated with maladaptive mental health and academic outcomes (e.g., Juvonen, Graham, & Schuster, 2003; Juvonen, Wang, & Espinoza, 2011). With the growing use of electronic communication tools among adolescents, bullying encounters are no longer limited to the school grounds but are becoming increasingly more common online (i.e., via electronic communication), before and after school. Both school bullying and cyberbullying experiences are considerable sources of stress in adolescent's everyday lives and as such, these incidents are a significant public health concern. Due to the rapid increase of online communication use and as cyberbullying rates are escalating, it is important to examine the ways in which cyberbullying may (or may not) differ from school bullying. Two studies will examine the everyday school bullying and cyberbullying experiences of urban, Latino adolescents. Existing research on cyberbullying has predominately focused on White youth, thus, little is known about cyberbullying among ethnic minority youth. Yet, the gap in Internet use between Latino and White adolescents in particular, has declined considerably and Latinos are now more likely to connect online wirelessly (Livingston, Parker, & Fox, 2009). Moreover, given that Latino teens are at elevated risk of mental health problems such as depression and of performing poorly in school (e.g., Joiner et al., 2001, Kohler & Lazarin, 2007), it is important to know whether these negative peer experiences increase their risk for mental health and school problems. The proposed research will rely on daily diary methods that are rarely used in school bullying research and that remain unused in cyberbullying research. Daily methodology is described as a useful tool for "capturing life as it is lived" (Bolger, Davis, & Rafaeli, 2003) and allows for the examination of both individual-level and daily-level associations. The two studies will specifically test whether school bullying and cyberbullying experiences are related to mental health problems and compromised school adjustment. In addition, given that little is known about cyberbullying, this study aims to identify possible mediating and moderating mechanisms and will probe more deeply into specific conditions in which cyberbullying may be particularly consequential. A research training program has been designed that includes coursework (e.g., advanced multilevel modeling, mental health disparities, ethical research conduct), attendance of seminars and scientific conferences (e.g., American Public Health Association), individualized meetings with my co-Sponsors who are leading experts in bullying research and daily diary methods and unique opportunities such as attending quantitative training programs. This training program will ensure that the goals of the proposed research are executed successfully and in a timely manner. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Bullying incidents are a growing problem that adolescents are faced with both at school and online. School bullying and cyberbullying (i.e., bullying that occurs via electronic communication tools) experiences are a considerable source of stress in adolescents' everyday lives and as such, these incidents are a significant public health concern. The proposed research will extend past current research by examining how daily experiences with school bullying and cyberbullying are associated with Latino adolescent's mental health and school adjustment.