Adipose Organ Transplant for Treatment of Maple Syrup Urine Disease

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的长期目标是开发一种治疗枫糖浆尿病（MSUD）的新方法，MSUD是一种先天性代谢错误，导致支链酮酸脱氢酶活性不足。在MSUD中，支链氨基酸和酮酸（BCAAs和BCKAs）在血浆和组织中积累，导致进行性神经损伤、认知能力下降、呕吐、癫痫发作、昏迷和死亡。标准治疗包括强化营养支持以降低BCAA摄入量。虽然这通常是有效的，但MSUD患者在疾病或压力下的蛋白质分解代谢反应中循环BCAAs和BCKAs可能会异常升高。这种上升可能导致急性代谢危机，尽管小心地坚持营养。器官移植可以提供一定的代谢能力，以预防或减轻这些代谢危机。事实上，已发表的研究和其他正在进行的研究表明，选择性肝移植在MSUD患者中有很大的前景，许多受试者恢复正常饮食。然而，在不久的将来，选择性肝移植不太可能被采纳为MSUD的标准治疗。在目前的UNOS分配系统下，大多数MSUD患者在实验研究之外没有资格获得捐赠肝脏，并且肝脏移植第一年的费用超过50万美元，挑战了这种方法的实用性。作为一种替代方案，我们建议验证脂肪器官移植可能是MSUD有效治疗的假设。我们实验室最近的研究表明，人和啮齿类动物的脂肪组织都具有比以前认识到的高得多的BCAA氧化能力。由于脂肪组织的低氧需求，以及它从细胞重组成组织和血管重建的能力，因此它非常适合移植。基于脂肪组织在整形手术中的应用，脂肪移植第一年的费用可能比肝脏移植低10-20倍，而且可以说，获得脂肪器官供体要容易得多。另一种选择是修复脂肪前体细胞中的突变基因，进行自体再植入。在初步研究中，将非常少量的正常脂肪组织移植到MSUD小鼠模型（BCATm KO）中导致循环BCAAs的显著减少。然而，需要在更接近模拟人类MSUD的其他模型中进行测试，以及在此成功的基础上进行定量改进的方法。为了验证我们的假设，两个特定的目的将确定脂肪组织移植对MSUD不同小鼠模型的影响，并测试定量改善脂肪组织移植或脂肪前体细胞移植后血浆BCAA降低的策略。这些研究的结果将为该方法的可行性提供进一步的证据，并指导我们寻找最佳实践和方法来实现MSUD的新疗法。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research is to develop a new treatment for Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD), an inborn error of metabolism that results in deficient branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity. In MSUD, branched chain amino and keto acids (BCAAs & BCKAs) accumulate in plasma and tissues, leading to progressive neurological damage, cognitive decline, vomiting, seizures, coma, and death. Standard treatment involves intensive nutritional support to lower BCAA intake. While this is generally effective, MSUD patients can experience extraordinary rises in circulating BCAAs and BCKAs in response to protein catabolism in illness or stress. Such rises may precipitate acute metabolic crises despite careful nutritional adherence. Organ transplant could be used to provide some metabolizing capacity in order to prevent or alleviate these metabolic crises. Indeed, published studies as well as others underway indicate great promise for elective liver transplantation in MSUD, with many subjects resuming a normal diet. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that elective liver transplant will be adopted as standard care for MSUD in the near future. Under the current UNOS allocation system, most MSUD patients would not qualify for donor livers outside of experimental studies, and at over a half million dollars, the first year costs of liver transplants challenge the practicality of this approach. As an alternative, we propose to test the hypothesis that adipose organ transplant might be an effective treatment for MSUD. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that both human and rodent adipose tissues possess far higher BCAA oxidative capacities than previously appreciated. Adipose tissue is highly amendable for transplantation because of its low oxygen requirements, along with its abilities to both reorganize into tissue from cells and re-vascularize. Based on adipose tissue's use in plastic surgery, first year costs of adipose transplant could be 10-20 times lower than that for liver and arguably, obtaining adipose organ donors would be much easier. Another option would be to repair mutated genes in adipose precursor cells for autogenic re-implantation. In preliminary studies, transplant of a very small amount of normal adipose tissue into a mouse model of MSUD (BCATm KO) led to considerable reductions in circulating BCAAs. However tests in other models that more closely mimic human MSUD are needed, as are approaches to quantitatively improve upon this success. To test our hypothesis, two specific aims will determine the effect of adipose tissue transplant in different mouse models of MSUD and test strategies to quantitatively improve upon the plasma BCAA lowering following adipose tissue transplant or transplant of adipose precursor cells. The results of these studies will provide further evidence of the feasibility of this approach and guide us toward best practices and approaches to achieve a new therapy for MSUD.