Parent & Relational Predictors of Conduct Problems &n Callous/Unemotional Traits

描述（由申请人提供）：反社会的成年人表现出一种生活过程中的行为问题（CP）的持续模式，其根源在于幼儿期，包括可追溯到婴儿期的前兆证据。精神变态的一个特定方面，即冷酷无情（CU）的特质，已被确定为有行为问题的幼儿的额外风险因素。有行为问题和CU特质的儿童（CP+CU）与没有CU特质的儿童在行为、情绪、生物、认知和发展方面存在差异。此外，患有CP+CU的儿童通常表现出更严重和暴力的反社会行为，随着时间的推移，这种行为更容易持续下去。然而，CU和CP+CU的病因仍然相对未知。而消极的养育是一个既定的危险因素，CP的发展，父母的角色和早期的关系经验是了解与CU的儿童。此外，尽管有研究表明早期依恋质量和后期CP，但迄今为止还没有大规模的早期依恋和后期CU或CP+CU的调查，尽管有证据表明，混乱的依恋质量是进入青春期和成年期的适应不良行为结果的风险因素。这项建议是独特的，从以前的研究在两个重要领域。首先，这项建议将利用观察到的措施，养育和附件，包括规范的变化，在养育（母亲的不敏感性），非规范的养育（非典型的不敏感性），和观察到的附件质量从奇怪的情况范式。以往的研究，探讨CP，CU，CP+CU在很大程度上依赖于父母的报告，回避行为。第二，据我们所知，这将是第一个研究，以检查在生命的第一年，CU和CP+CU的发育和关系的前因之一。这是获得自我调节和移情功能的关键发育期，其缺陷与CP，CU和CP+CU有关。在这个建议中，我们认为，独特的尺寸的养育行为和早期依恋关系可能会差异预测儿童与CP，CU和CP+CU从规范控制。这些假设包括母亲的不敏感性，非典型的养育，和附件质量的主要影响，以及预测，附件不安全可能会导致儿童易感性提高的不敏感性和非典型的养育的影响，使儿童从这些children和附件的背景最容易为后来的CP，CU和CP+CU。为了验证这些假设，我们将利用NICHD早期儿童保育和青年发展研究（SECCYD）提供的关于母亲敏感性、依恋质量和儿童行为结果的纵向数据集。除了次要数据分析，我们将重新编码一个子样本的SECCYD亲子互动编码非典型的母亲行为。SECCYD是为数不多的具有纵向数据和足够大的样本量来检验这些假设的研究之一。此外，由于该提案主要侧重于二手数据分析，因此它是解决具有重大科学和社会重要性的问题的一种具有成本效益的手段。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Antisocial adults exhibit a life-course persistent pattern of conduct problems (CP) with roots in early childhood, including evidence for precursors dating to infancy. A specific aspects of psychopathy, namely callous and unemotional (CU) traits, has been identified as an additional risk factor for young children with conduct problems. Children with conduct problems and CU traits (CP+CU) differ from those without CU traits on behavioral, emotional, biological, cognitive, and developmental measures. Furthermore, children with CP+CU typically exhibit more severe and violent antisocial behavior that is more like to persist over time. The etiology of CU and CP+CU, however, is still relatively unknown. Whereas negative parenting is an established risk factor for the development of CP, the roles of parenting and early relational experience is less understood for children with CU. In addition, although there has been research on early attachment quality and later CP, to date there has been no large-scale investigation of early attachment and later CU or CP+CU, despite evidence that disorganized attachment quality is a risk factor for maladaptive behavioral outcomes well into adolescence and adulthood. This proposal is unique from previous research in two important domains. First, this proposal will utilize observed measures of parenting and attachment, including normative variations in parenting (maternal insensitivity), non-normative parenting (atypical caregiving), and observed attachment quality from the Strange Situation Paradigm. Previous studies examining CP, CU, and CP+CU have largely relied on parent-report of caregiving behaviors. Second, to our knowledge this would be one of the first studies to examine caregiving and relational antecedents of CU and CP+CU during the first years of life. This is a critical developmental period for the acquisition of self-regulatory and empathetic functioning, deficits of which have been associated with CP, CU, and CP+CU. In this proposal we argue that unique dimensions of parenting behavior and early attachment relationships may differentially predict children with CP, CU and CP+CU from normative controls. These hypotheses include main effects for maternal insensitivity, atypical parenting, and attachment quality, as well as the prediction that attachment insecurity may result in heightened child susceptibility to the effects of insensitivity and atypical parenting, rendering children from these caregiving and attachment backgrounds most vulnerable for later CP, CU and CP+CU. To test these hypotheses we will utilize the longitudinal dataset on maternal sensitivity, attachment quality, and child behavior outcomes provided by the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). In addition to secondary data analyses, we will recode a subsample of SECCYD parent-child interactions for coding atypical maternal behaviors. The SECCYD is one of the few studies with longitudinal data and a sample size large enough to test these hypotheses. Furthermore, because this proposal focuses largely on secondary data analyses, it is a cost efficient means of addressing questions of significant scientific and societal importance.