Habituation to food as a risk factor for pediatric obesity

描述（由申请人提供）：当能量摄入超过能量消耗时，由于正能量平衡而导致肥胖。可能影响能量摄入的一个因素是对食物习惯化速度的个体差异。唾液习惯化或对食物的行为反应习惯化的速率预测能量摄入，较慢的习惯化与较大的能量摄入有关。我们已经表明，超重或肥胖的青年和成年人比瘦青年和成年人更慢地习惯于重复的食物线索，但尚不清楚这是否是超重的结果，或者较慢的习惯是否是zBMI增加的风险因素。这只能使用前瞻性设计进行测试，在前瞻性设计中，对习惯率不同的儿童进行前瞻性研究，以评估zBMI增加的风险因素。本申请的目的是研究200名8至10岁非超重儿童在三年内对食物和唾液习惯的行为反应习惯的个体差异，这些习惯是zBMI和体脂变化的危险因素。混合效应回归模型将用于研究基线唾液习惯化和/或对食物的行为反应习惯化的综合测量是否（具体目标1）或习惯于基本口味特征不同的食物（甜，咸，咸，特定目标1a）是zBMI和体脂轨迹的独立预测因子，评估对食物或唾液的习惯化行为反应与能量摄入之间的关系（具体目标2），评估习惯化随时间的发展轨迹（具体目标3），以测试反射，生理之间的关系（流涎）和行为（对食物的反应）习惯化的措施（具体目标4），并评估食物的相对强化值和在没有饥饿的情况下进食是否是儿童zBMI增加的风险因素（具体目标5）。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Obesity develops due to positive energy balance, when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. One factor that may influence energy intake is individual differences in the rate of habituation to food. The rates of salivary habituation or habituation of behavioral responding for food predict energy intake, with slower habituation related to greater energy intake. We have shown overweight or obese youth and adults habituate slower to repeated food cues than leaner youth and adults, but it is not known whether this is a result of being overweight, or whether slower habituation is a risk factor for zBMI gain. This can only be tested using prospective designs in which children who differ in their rate of habituation are studied prospectively to evaluate risk factors for zBMI increases. The goal of this application is to study individual differences in habituation of behavioral responding for food and salivary habituation as risk factors for zBMI and body fat changes over a three year period in 200 8 to 10 year-old non-overweight children. Mixed effects regression models will be used to study whether aggregate measures of baseline salivary habituation and/or habituation of behavioral responding for food (Specific Aim 1) or habituation to foods that differ on basic taste characteristics (sweet, savory, salty, Specific Aim 1a) are independent predictors of trajectories of zBMI and body fat, to assess the relationship between habituation of behavioral responding for food or salivary habituation and energy intake (Specific Aim 2), to assess developmental trajectories in habituation over time (Specific Aim 3), to test the relationship between reflexive, physiological (salivation) and behavioral (responding for food) measures of habituation (Specific Aim 4), and assess whether relative reinforcing value of food and eating in the absence of hunger are risk factors for child zBMI gain (Specific Aim 5).