Project 1: Racial Differences in Attentional Bias and Cue Reactivity among Smokers

摘要 美国黑人面临着吸烟导致的癌症发病率和死亡的不成比例的负担。1其中 其他与烟草相关的差异，黑人在实现戒烟方面的成功率低于白人 即使他们更有可能尝试戒烟。2，3确定导致种族差异的因素， 戒烟率将有助于采取有效的干预措施，减少癌症发病率和死亡率， 黑人对吸烟相关线索的反应性增加可能是解释这一现象的一个重要机制 黑人更难保持戒烟。尽管迄今为止很少有研究 研究了烟草相关刺激的认知过程和生理过程中的种族差异， 几项研究表明，黑人吸烟的几个方面与白人不同。 尽管如此，关于这些差异的性质、数量和质量的许多问题仍然没有答案。 心理生理学数据是可能阐明这些差异的丰富信息来源。种族 与烟草差异相关的线索反应和注意过程的差异表明， 制定治疗和/或预防方案干预措施的目标， 优化干预措施，以更有效地帮助黑人实现长期禁欲和/或预防初始的 使用.这项初步研究的目的是检查心理生理线索反应的种族差异， 这可能会导致与烟草有关的差异。这项试点研究的结果将为制定一项 对吸烟相关线索和线索反应的认知过程中的种族差异进行了更大的检查。 白色和黑色吸烟者将完成一个经典的线索反应侧翼任务，而心理生理 收集认知处理和行为测量的指标。主要结果指标包括 P300事件相关电位（ERP）、脑电波振幅、皮肤电传导反应性（SCR）和反应性 时间黑人和白色吸烟者对吸烟相关与非吸烟相关反应的差异 将检查刺激。我们假设线索反应性的改变在线索加工的早期发展， 与白人相比，这一发现在黑人中更为突出，这解释了 对吸烟相关线索的反应和黑人戒烟尝试不太成功。目标1：审查 黑人和白色吸烟者之间的心理生理学和行为上的线索反应差异。我们 预期黑人吸烟者将：H1：对吸烟相关线索的P300（ERP）反应比白色人大 吸烟者; H2：比白色吸烟者对吸烟相关线索表现出更大的SCR反应; H3：表现出更长的时间 对吸烟相关线索的反应时间比白色吸烟者;和H4：将报告更大的渴望水平比 实验前后的白色吸烟者。线索反应性是一个公认的， 理论上的基础结构与渴望，烟草消费和复发密切相关， smoking.本研究采用了一个行之有效的结构来研究种族差异。

ABSTRACT Black Americans face a disproportionate burden of cancer incidence and death from tobacco smoking.1 Among other tobacco-related disparities, Blacks have less success achieving abstinence from tobacco than Whites even though they are more likely to attempt to quit.2,3 Identifying factors that contribute to racial differences in abstinence rates will contribute to effective interventions to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality among Blacks. Increased cue reactivity to smoking-related cues might be one important mechanism that explains Blacks increased difficulty maintaining abstinence from tobacco use. Although little research to date has examined racial differences in the cognitive processing and physiological processes of tobacco-related stimuli, several studies suggest that Blacks experience several aspects of tobacco smoking differently than Whites. Nonetheless, many questions remain unanswered about the nature, quantity, and quality of these differences. Psychophysiological data are a rich source of information that is likely to elucidate these differences. Racial differences in cue reactivity and attentional processes related to tobacco disparities would suggest specific targets for the development of interventions for treatment and/or prevention programs with the goal of optimizing interventions to more effectively assist Blacks achieve long-term abstinence and/or prevent initial use. The goal of this pilot study is to examine racial differences in in psychophysiological cue reactivity that are likely to contribute to tobacco-related disparities. Findings from this pilot study will inform the development of a larger examination of racial differences in the cognitive processing of smoking-related cues and cue reactivity. White and Black Smokers will complete a classic cue reactivity flanker task while psychophysiological indicators of cognitive processing and behavioral measures are collected. Primary outcome measures include the P300 event-related potential (ERP), brain wave amplitude, skin conductance reactivity (SCR), and reaction time. Differences between Black and White smokers reactivity to smoking-related versus non-smoking related stimuli will be examined. We hypothesize that alterations in cue reactivity develop early in cue processing and that this finding will be heightened in Blacks compared to Whites, explaining heightened craving levels in response to smoking-related cues and less successful quit attempts in Blacks. Aim 1: To examine psychophysiological and behavioral differences in cue reactivity between Black and White smokers. We anticipate that Black smokers will: H1: Exhibit larger P300 (ERP) response to smoking related cues than White smokers; H2: Exhibit a larger SCR response to smoking related cues than White smokers; H3: Exhibit longer reaction times to smoking related cues than White smokers; and H4: Will report greater craving levels than White smokers before and after the experimental sessions. Cue reactivity is a well-established and theoretically grounded construct strongly associated with the craving, tobacco consumption, and relapse to smoking. This study applies a well-established construct to the study of racial differences.