Housing effects on children's development

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的主要目标是评估住房对低收入和中等收入家庭的影响，使用基于人口的，计量经济学为导向的方法。我们的具体目标是测试：（1）如何住房，评估拥挤，物理质量（噪音、健康与安全、服务与系统）和负担能力，影响家庭进程（稳定、压力和支持）对儿童的发展至关重要;（2）住房如何直接影响儿童的行为问题（内化和外化），自我调节（3）居住环境如何通过家庭过程间接影响儿童的发展;以及（4）住房对黑人、白色和拉丁美洲家庭的影响如何变化。数据将来自一项新的3波纵向调查，调查对象为居住在达拉斯、丹佛、西雅图和克利夫兰的约2,654个家庭（开始时有约3,450名3至8岁的儿童）。在每个地点，家庭将从当地公共住房管理局保存的等待名单中抽取。所有地点都使用彩票向符合收入条件的家庭发放价值约8 000美元的住房券，家庭可以用它来升级住房。在每个站点，我们将随机选择166个彩票中奖家庭和另外166个彩票落选家庭。彩票在拥挤、质量和负担能力方面创造了实验性的变化，我们将评估其影响。我们还建议从每个站点的一般人口中抽取一个代表性样本，向收入分布的低端加权（n=332）。麦克阿瑟基金会正在资助收集社区和学前/学校数据，以及家长报告和访谈者评估的住房措施。麦克阿瑟和一个资助的NICHD赠款支持收集大量的儿童和成人的结果，使用家长报告，直接评估和访谈观察。该应用程序的主要目的是增加对以下内容的评估：（1）通过家长报告、Q集方法、每日日记和访谈者观察进行的家庭过程;（2）客观噪音水平，这是对家庭生活有潜在影响的住房质量的重要和创新措施;（3）儿童自我调节的措施，一个关键的中间结果与环境压力和长期的成人结果。拟议中的研究提供了一个独特的机会，以确定住房如何以现有研究不可能的方式促进儿童和家庭福祉。独特的研究优势包括：住房对家庭过程和儿童发展影响的实验性和非实验性估计，提供机会在符合资格的代金券调查人员的实验样本和住房条件自然变化的更广泛、有代表性的城市样本中复制调查结果;与了解儿童和家庭福祉相关的新住房措施嵌入在有充分依据的概念框架中;考虑到其他与住房有关的背景，特别是家庭、邻里和学前/学校的多背景设计;关键过程和结果的纵向和多方法衡量;以及种族/族裔多样化的家庭样本。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this research is to assess the effects of housing on low- and moderate-income families with children using a population-based, econometrically-oriented approach. Our specific aims are to test: (1) how housing, assessed by crowding, physical quality (noise, health & safety, services & systems) and affordability, affects family processes (stability, stress & support) central to children's development; (2) how housing directly affects children's behavior problems (internalizing & externalizing), self-regulation (executive function & effortful control), and cognitive achievement (3) how housing indirectly affects children's development through its more proximal effects on family processes; and (4) how housing effects vary for Black, White, and Latino families. Data will be drawn from a new 3-wave longitudinal survey of ~2,654 families (w/~3,450 children 3 to 8 years old at inception) living in Dallas, Denver, Seattle and Cleveland. At each site, families wil be drawn from a waiting list maintained by the local public housing authority. All sites use a lottery to issue housing vouchers to income-eligible families that are worth ~$8,000 and that families can use to upgrade their housing. At each site, we will randomly select 166 families who win the lottery and another 166 families from the lottery losers. The lottery creates experimental variation in crowding, quality and affordability whose impacts we will assess. We also propose drawing a representative sample of the general population of each site, weighted towards the lower end of the income distribution (n=332). The MacArthur Foundation is funding collection of neighborhood and preschool/school data, and housing measures as reported by parents and as assessed by interviewers. MacArthur and a funded NICHD grant are supporting collection of a large battery of child and adult outcomes using parent reports, direct assessments, and interviewer observations. The primary aim of this application is to add to this battery assessments of (1) family processes through parent reports, Q-set methods, daily diaries, and interviewer observations; (2) objective noise levels, an important and innovative measure of housing quality potentially influential for family life; and (3) measures of children's self-regulation, a key intermediate outcome associated with environmental stressors and long-term adult outcomes. The proposed research provides a unique opportunity to identify how housing contributes to child and family well- being in ways that are not possible with extant studies. Unique study strengths include: experimental and non- experimental estimates of housing effects on family processes and child development, providing opportunity to replicate findings across experimental sample of eligible voucher investigators and broader, representative city sample that naturally varies in housing conditions; new housing measures relevant for understanding child and family well-being embedded within a well-grounded conceptual framework; multi-context design to account for other housing-related contexts, especially family, neighborhood and preschool/school; longitudinal and multi-method measures of key processes and outcomes; and racial/ethnically diverse sample of families.