Sleep, Emotional Processing, and Risk for Affective Disorders in Childhood

描述(申请人提供)：儿童时期睡眠不足或睡眠中断对以后发展焦虑症和抑郁症有很高的预测性。据估计，这些疾病每年的社会总成本超过1200亿美元，这突显了早期识别和有效干预方法的必要性。成年人的实验数据表明，在情绪的不适应处理中，睡眠中断和情感障碍之间存在着关键的联系。然而，为了描述具体的风险机制，在睡眠和情绪调节系统发育的童年时期理解这些关系是必不可少的。童年时期对睡眠需求的增加和大脑更大的可塑性也表明存在干预的机会之窗。这项研究将使用实验性的睡眠限制范式来确定50名7至11岁的青春期前儿童情感风险的认知、行为和生理机制。我们将包括有一系列(亚临床)焦虑和抑郁症状的儿童，以确定某些情感特征是否比其他因素更容易导致睡眠中断。所有儿童都将接受全面的心理社会评估、家庭多导睡眠监测和一周的活动监测。一系列评估情绪处理不同方面的新任务(评估、反应和调节)将在一周的正常睡眠后完成，并在两晚的睡眠限制协议后再次完成。此外, 由于高风险轨迹的特征是多个风险和保护因素的存在和相互作用，我们将调查几个理论上相关的认知和生物变量的潜在缓和影响。特别是，儿童的认知反应风格、典型的入睡潜伏期和首选的睡眠模式(即，时型)将 被调查为情绪结果的潜在调节因素。最后，我们将探索睡眠结构、脑电频谱功率(在正常睡眠和恢复睡眠期间)和情绪结果之间的关系，以确定儿童对睡眠缺失的情感反应的潜在神经生物学标志物。这项研究符合NIMH的战略计划和研究领域标准(RDoC)，其长期目标是推动现有的预防/早期干预方案超越非特定目标，转向更明确的风险机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Inadequate or disrupted sleep in childhood is highly predictive for the later development of anxiety disorders and depression. The combined societal cost of these disorders is estimated above $120 billion annually, underscoring a need for early identification and effective intervention methods. Experimental data in adults indicate a critical link between sleep disruption and affective disorders to exist in the maladaptive processing of emotion. In order to delineate specific risk mechanisms however, understanding of these relationships in childhood when sleep and emotion regulatory systems are developing is essential. An increased need for sleep and greater brain plasticity during the childhood years also suggest a 'window' of opportunity for intervention to exist. This study will use an experimental sleep restriction paradigm to identify cognitive, behavioral and physiologic mechanisms of affective risk among 50 pre-adolescent children, ages 7 to 11 years. We will include children with a range of (subclinical) anxious and depressive symptoms in order to determine whether certain affective profiles potentiate greater vulnerability in conjunction with sleep disruption than others. All children will undergo comprehensive psychosocial evaluation, in-home polysomnography and one week of actigraphy. A battery of novel tasks assessing discrete aspects of emotional processing (appraisal, reactivity and regulation) will be completed following a week of normal sleep and again after a 2-night sleep restriction protocol. In addition, because high-risk trajectories are characterized by the presence and interaction of multiple risk and protective factors, we will investigate the potential moderating influence of several theoretically-relevant cognitive and biological variables. In particular, children's cognitive response style, typical sleep onset latency, and preferred sleep pattern (i.e., chronotype) will be investigated as potential moderators of emotional outcomes. Finally, we will explore relationships among sleep architecture, EEG spectral power (during normal and recovery sleep) and emotional outcomes in order to identify potential neurobiological markers of affective response to sleep loss in childhood. The long term goal of this study which aligns with both NIMH's Strategic Plan and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is to advance existing prevention/early intervention protocols beyond non- specific targets toward more explicit mechanisms of risk.