Intergenerational transmission of drug use in an urban sample

描述(申请人提供)：拟议的纵向研究试图了解酒精、烟草和其他药物使用(ATOD)风险的代际传播，样本主要是非裔美国人，我们自1994年以来一直跟踪第一代样本。这项拟议研究中的第一代(G1)包括700多名5-15岁儿童的父母。我们的样本是独特的，因为少数关于代际传播的研究没有包括具有中低收入背景的城市非裔美国人的大样本。我们将应用社会生态学发展框架来研究家庭和邻里环境，以及一群中年父母(33-37岁；G1)的个人行为、态度和经历如何随着时间的推移影响父母的养育方式、态度和行为，以及这些因素如何影响孩子的态度和行为(G2)。我们目前有关于G1样本的12年数据(从14岁到32岁)。因此，我们可以研究G1的发展轨迹(例如ATOD)如何纵向影响G2的结果(例如执行功能)。我们将研究G1轨迹的直接影响，以及这些轨迹如何影响育儿行为，进而影响G2结果(中介)。研究人员已经证明，儿童早期和中期的内化和外化行为与青春期和成年期早期的ATOD之间存在强烈的联系。因此，了解育儿方式和更广泛的社会背景因素(例如，家庭冲突；邻里因素)如何与这一时期的儿童结果相关，这一点至关重要。研究人员广泛关注于了解青少年使用ATOD的风险因素，而对那些可能防止或缓解ATOD使用从父母传给孩子的因素关注较少。因此，我们将研究父母对孩子的应对和平淡无奇的行为的传播，这可能会降低使用ATOD的风险。每个家庭将在4年内每年接受评估，这样我们就可以对关键发展阶段的增长轨迹进行建模。在每一次年度访问中，一名面试者将私下会见G2的孩子，而另一名面试者将私下与G1的父母会面，以完成问卷调查。我们将在我们的分析中使用分层线性建模和结构方程建模，以了解随着时间的推移的发展轨迹。我们有将FAS结果应用于制定预防计划的历史，拟议的研究将继续这一努力。我们独特的二元视角将有助于在ATOD领域为父母/儿童早期干预制定干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed longitudinal study seeks to understand the intergenerational transmission of risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use (ATOD) in a predominantly African-American sample, the first generation of which we have been following since 1994. Generation 1 (G1) in the proposed study includes parents of over 700 children aged 5-15 years old. Our sample is unique in that the few studies on intergenerational transmission do not include a large sample of urban African-Americans with middle to low income backgrounds. We will apply a socioecological developmental framework to study how familial and neighborhood environments, as well as the individual behaviors, attitudes, and experiences of a cohort of parents in middle adulthood (ages 33-37; G1), influence parenting style, attitudes, and behaviors over time, and how these factors may influence the attitudes and behaviors of their children (G2). We currently have 12 years of data (from age 14 through 32) for the G1 sample. Thus, we can examine how trajectories of development (e.g., ATOD) in G1 may influence G2 outcomes (e.g., executive function) longitudinally. We will examine both direct effects of G1 trajectories, and how these trajectories may affect parenting behaviors, which in turn influence G2 outcomes (mediation). Researchers have demonstrated a strong link between internalizing and externalizing behaviors in early and middle childhood, and ATOD in adolescence and early adulthood. Understanding how parenting and broader social context factors (e.g., family conflict; neighborhood factors) relate to child outcomes across this period i therefore critical. Researchers have focused extensively on understanding the risk factors for adolescent ATOD use, while less attention has been given to those factors which might prevent or mitigate the transmission of ATOD use from parent to child. We will therefore examine the parent-to-child transmission of coping and prosaically behaviors that may mitigate the risk for ATOD use. Each family will be assessed annually for 4 years so that we can model trajectories of growth across key developmental periods. At each annual visit, one interviewer will meet privately with the G2 child, while another interviewer will meet privately with the G1 parent to complete questionnaires. We will employ hierarchical linear modeling and structural equation modeling in our analyses to understand developmental trajectories over time. We have a history of applying FAS results to developing prevention programs, and the proposed study will continue this effort. Our unique dyadic perspective will contribute to intervention development for parent/child early interventions in the area of ATOD.