Panic-Relevant Sensations and Smoking Motivation

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟是美国可预防死亡的主要原因，每年造成近443，000人死亡。不幸的是，戒烟率仍然很低，复吸很常见。越来越多的人认为，帮助吸烟者戒烟的重大进展可能会在开发针对吸烟者亚群特别是复发风险较高的吸烟者的特殊需求的新型专门治疗方法的能力中发现。这一领域的一个有希望的研究方向已经开始研究有恐慌倾向和焦虑障碍的人群，因为（a）吸烟率是非精神病人群的两倍，（B）有证据表明恐慌发作和焦虑症状会严重损害戒烟成功率。研究工作的目的是找出将恐慌发作或焦虑状态与重新开始和维持吸烟行为联系起来的解释机制。焦虑敏感性（AS）是一个稳定的，但可塑性，是一个基于认知的transdiagnosis结构，已被描述为负面状态的“放大器”，如焦虑，疼痛或压力。研究表明，AS升高的吸烟者可能特别倾向于吸烟以缓解或避免令人痛苦的身体和情绪状态（例如，焦虑，恐慌发作）。然而，过去关于AS和吸烟的研究采用了描述性或相关性方法;没有直接测量吸烟行为的地形图;也没有整合急性恐慌相关状态对AS和吸烟动机（冲动、渴望和可观察到的吸烟行为）之间关系的作用。本研究旨在提供恐慌相关唤醒和吸烟动机之间的经验联系。据推测，实验室引起的恐慌症状将与吸烟动机的增加有因果关系，AS将缓和这种影响。为了解决这些假设，将招募90名成年吸烟者（每天e15支香烟）参与实验室实验。 受试者将被随机分配吸入单次肺活量为35%的二氧化碳[CO2]富集空气混合物或压缩室内空气（对照条件）;该程序是一种安全且常用的恐慌症状激发方法。攻毒后，将通过自我报告的欲望和渴望行为指数（吸烟潜伏期）和吸烟地形图（抽吸速度和抽吸间隔-通过基于吸嘴的计算机化系统测量;临床研究支持系统）评价吸烟动机。拟议的项目将查明增加药物使用和滥用风险的因素，这涉及国家药物滥用研究所预防研究目标的重点。最终，根据NIDA的2010年战略计划，拟议的研究将（1）确定药物滥用的特点和模式，（2）了解因素如何影响药物滥用的各种风险因素。最后，该奖项将有助于对有前途的研究人员进行道德，方法和实质性培训，以满足对烟草和情感脆弱性的转化，创新研究的需求。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, accounting for nearly 443,000 deaths annually. Unfortunately, smoking cessation rates remain low and relapse is common. There is growing consensus that significant strides in helping smokers quit will likely be found in the ability to develop novel, specialized treatments that target the particular needs of subgroups of smokers, especially those who are at higher risk for relapse. One promising line of research in this domain has begun to study panic-prone and anxiety disordered populations, given (a) rates of smoking are double to that of non-psychiatric populations and (b) evidence that panic attacks and anxiety symptoms can significantly impair quit success. Research efforts have aimed to identify explanatory mechanisms that link panic attacks or anxiety states with the re-initiation and maintenance of smoking behavior. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a stable, but malleable, is a cognitive-based transdiagnostic construct that has been described as an "amplifier" of negative states, such anxiety, pain, or stress. Research suggests that smokers with elevated AS may be especially prone to smoke to relieve or avoid distressing bodily and emotional states (e.g., anxiety, panic attacks). Yet, past work on AS and smoking has employed descriptive or correlational methodology; has not directly measured the topography of smoking behavior; and has not integrated the role of acute, panic-relevant states on the relation between AS and smoking motivation (urges, cravings and observable smoking behavior). The current study aims to provide the empirical link between panic-relevant arousal and smoking motivation. It is hypothesized that laboratory-induced panic symptoms will be causally related to an increase in smoking motivation and that AS will moderate this effect. To address these hypotheses, 90 adult smokers (e15 cigarettes per day) will be recruited to participate in a laboratory experiment. Participants will be randomly assigned to inhale a single vital capacity of 35% carbon dioxide [CO2]-enriched air mixture or compressed room air (control condition); this procedure is a safe and frequently used provocation method for panic symptoms. Post-challenge, smoking motivation will be evaluated by self-reported urges and behavioral indices of cravings (latency to smoking) and smoking topography (puff velocity and inter-puff interval - measured by mouthpiece-based, computerized system; Clinical Research Support System). The proposed project will identify factors that increase the risk of drug use and abuse, which addresses the focus of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) prevention research goals. Ultimately, in accordance with NIDA's 2010 strategic plan, the proposed study will (1) identify the characteristics and patterns of drug abuse and (2) understand how factors influence the various risk factors for drug abuse. Finally, the award will aid in the ethical, methodological, and substantive training of a promising researcher to address the need for translational, innovative research on tobacco and emotional vulnerability.